➤ An ecotype refers to a population of organisms that is specially adapted to local environmental conditions.
➤ Niche refers to the role of an organism in its ecosystem, while biome is a large ecological area.
★ Ecotype = Local adaptation in populations to specific environments.

➤ The epilimnion is the top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, characterized by warmer temperatures and well-mixed water.
➤ It is contrasted with the hypolimnion, which is the colder, deeper layer.
★ Epilimnion = Surface layer in lakes with warm, mixed water.

➤ The Ramganga River originates in the Doodhatoli ranges in the Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.
➤ This river is an important tributary of the Ganges.
★ Pauri Garhwal = Source of the Ramganga River in Uttarakhand.

➤ Western disturbance is a weather phenomenon that affects northern India during the winter months, not related to the monsoon.
➤ Cloudburst and breaks in rainfall are directly related to monsoon patterns, and Arabian Sea branch is a key part of the monsoon winds.
★ Western disturbance = Winter weather system, not monsoon-related.

➤ An esker is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel formed by meltwater streams beneath glaciers.
➤ Moraine refers to glacial debris, while aquifer is a water-bearing rock layer, and erratic refers to a rock displaced by glaciers.
★ Esker = Ridge of sand and gravel from glacier meltwater.

➤ Nor’Westers are severe evening thunderstorms that occur in Bengal and Assam during the pre-monsoon season.
➤ These storms bring heavy rainfall and can cause localized flooding.
★ Nor’Westers = Dreaded thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam.

➤ Epilimnetic, metalimnetic, and hypolimnetic are the three thermal layers of a stratified lake.
➤ Epilimnion is the top, metalimnion is the middle, and hypolimnion is the bottom layer.
★ Thermal stratification = Differentiation of lake water into layers based on temperature.

➤ The Baira Siul Dam is located in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, built on the Siul River.
➤ It is used for irrigation and power generation purposes.
★ Baira Siul Dam = Located in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh.

➤ Forest Moulton, along with Thomas Chamberlain, proposed in 1905 that the planets of the Solar System originated from a close encounter between the Sun and another star.
➤ This theory contributed to the development of the Nebular Hypothesis.
★ Forest Moulton = Proposed the idea of planetary formation from a solar encounter.

➤ The Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highways connecting the four major cities of India: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.
➤ It spans a total length of 5846 km, designed to improve road connectivity and transport efficiency.
★ Golden Quadrilateral = Major highway project connecting India’s four biggest cities.

➤ Statement 1 explains the cause of earthquakes when stress overcomes friction along fault lines.
➤ Statement 2 explains the foreshocks can only be identified after the main earthquake occurs.
★ Earthquake foreshocks = Smaller quakes before the larger event.

➤ Abraham Ortelius in 1596 suggested that the continents were not always in their present positions and might have drifted over time.
➤ This idea contributed to the later development of the theory of continental drift.
★ Ortelius = Early pioneer in suggesting continental drift.