➤ According to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, Force (F) = mass (m) × acceleration (a).
★ It defines the mathematical relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.

➤ Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in the solar system.
★ It has no atmosphere, so it undergoes extreme temperature variations.

➤ Force can change motion, shape, or direction of an object, but it cannot change its mass.
★ Mass is an intrinsic property and remains unchanged by force.

➤ Earth and Venus are similar in size and mass, often called twin planets.
★ Venus has a thick CO₂ atmosphere causing a greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet, not Mars.

➤ Georg Ohm discovered Ohm’s Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance).
★ His work formed the basis of modern electrical circuits.

➤ A Galvanometer measures small electric currents by needle deflection due to magnetic effects.
★ It is often used in analog measurement instruments.

➤ Resistance (R) ∝ Length (L), so doubling length doubles resistance. Current I = V/R, hence current becomes half.
★ This follows Ohm’s Law: I = V/R.

➤ Huygens proposed the wave theory of light, suggesting light travels as transverse waves.
★ This theory was later supported by interference and diffraction experiments.

➤ The visible spectrum ranges from 0.4 µm (violet) to 0.7 µm (red).
★ This range is detected by the human eye and is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

➤ At 5 metres, the object has lost half its height, so both potential energy and kinetic energy are equal (each 50% of total energy).
★ Total mechanical energy remains constant in free fall.

➤ Coriolis force increases with wind speed; hence higher wind → greater deflection, so option B is incorrect.
★ It is zero at the equator and maximum at the poles.

➤ In 1602, Galileo observed the isochronous motion of a pendulum, laying groundwork for pendulum clocks.
★ This led to advancements in timekeeping.

➤ Justus von Liebig invented the silvering process, making the first modern mirrors using metallic silver.
★ Widely used in optics and household mirrors today.

➤ Ritter discovered ultraviolet (UV) radiation while experimenting with prisms and silver chloride in 1801.
★ UV rays have shorter wavelengths than visible light and are responsible for sunburn.

➤ The refractive index of Benzene is approximately 1.50, not 2.42. The value 2.42 corresponds to diamond, not benzene.
★ This makes option D the incorrect pair, as the refractive index is wrongly matched.

➤ In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted discovered the connection between electricity and magnetism, observing that a compass needle deflects near a current-carrying wire.
★ This discovery led to the development of electromagnetism and inspired further work by Ampere and Faraday.

➤ James Watt coined the term horsepower to compare the power of steam engines to horses.
★ It helped in commercializing the steam engine.

➤ Heinrich Hertz experimentally proved the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by Maxwell by generating and detecting radio waves in 1886.
★ Hertz’s work laid the foundation for wireless communication.

➤ The magnetic field strength produced by a coil is directly proportional to the number of turns (n), so it’s n times that of a single turn.
★ More turns increase the magnetic field strength proportionally.

➤ Ampere discovered that parallel current-carrying wires exert magnetic forces on each other — attraction if currents are in the same direction, repulsion if opposite.
★ This led to the foundation of electrodynamics.

➤ Le Verrier predicted Neptune’s position through mathematical analysis of Uranus’s orbit, later confirmed by Galle’s observation.
★ A milestone in celestial mechanics and astronomy.

➤ They received the Nobel Prize in 2001 for creating the Bose-Einstein Condensate, a new state of matter at near absolute zero temperature.
★ Theoretical foundation laid by Satyendra Nath Bose and Einstein.