➤ In a floating exchange rate, the value of currency is determined by market forces such as demand and supply, without direct government intervention.
★ India adopted a managed floating exchange rate system after 1991 liberalization.

➤ According to Census 2011, the highest population growth rate among these states was: Meghalaya > Arunachal Pradesh > Bihar.
★ This reflects regional demographic variations due to birth rates and migration.

➤ In 2015, the Indian government permitted 49% FDI in the defence sector, aiming to promote indigenous production and reduce import dependency.
★ This was a major step under the Make in India initiative.

➤ Information and Communication Technology (ICT) helps digitize land records, enabling quick access, transparency, and public verification.
★ ICT boosts accountability and reduces land disputes.

➤ The Green Revolution increased productivity but led to income inequality. However, the payment shift in kind was not a key consequence.
★ The Green Revolution intensified rural disparities and had mixed impact on employment.

➤ Balanced Growth Theory → Ragnar Nurkse
➤ Big Push Theory → Rosenstein Rodan
➤ Secular Deterioration → Prebisch-Singer
➤ Capital Goods/Heavy Industry Model → Feldman-Mahalanobis
★ These are core development economics theories useful for planning and policy formulation.

➤ Himachal Pradesh and Bihar recorded the lowest levels of urbanization as per Census 2011, with predominantly rural populations.
★ Urban population percentage in Himachal was about 10%, Bihar around 11%.

➤ According to the NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (2021), Sikkim had the lowest percentage of multidimensional poor due to high access to health, education, and living standards.
★ In contrast, Bihar had the highest MPI poverty rate.

➤ In monopoly, the firm is the only seller, so the demand curve is less elastic. In monopolistic competition, substitutes make the demand curve more elastic.
★ Monopoly faces a steeper demand curve due to lack of close substitutes.

➤ The 10th Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) aimed to reduce the poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007 and 15 percentage points by 2012.
★ The plan also emphasized employment generation and inclusive growth.

➤ Sterilisation is a monetary policy strategy used by central banks to counter the impact of foreign exchange inflows on the money supply by selling or buying government securities.
★ It helps maintain monetary stability despite external shocks.

➤ Maharashtra has the largest Buddhist population in India, mainly due to the Dalit Buddhist movement initiated by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
★ As per Census 2011, over 65% of India’s Buddhist population lives in Maharashtra.

➤ The India Justice Report is an initiative led by Tata Trusts, along with other partners like CHRI and DAKSH, to rank states on justice delivery.
★ It covers police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid systems.

➤ Meghalaya and Madhya Pradesh are among the top 10 poorest states based on the Global MPI 2022, indicating high levels of deprivation in education, health, and standard of living.
★ Other states include Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh.

➤ The SEZ Policy in India was announced in 2000, not 2011.
➤ Promotion of exports was a key objective, and minimum land requirement varied by sector.
★ The SEZ Act came into effect in 2006.

➤ Before British rule, India had an independent and flourishing economy, with vibrant trade, handicrafts, and agriculture-based prosperity.
★ India contributed a significant share to global GDP in pre-colonial times.

➤ Net National Product (NNP) at Market Price = GNP – Depreciation, and it includes net indirect taxes.
➤ It represents the actual income of a country’s residents.
★ It is a key indicator of national income used in economic planning.

➤ NABARD created the Micro Finance Development Fund (MFDF) in 2000-01 with an initial corpus of ₹100 crores to promote self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance activities.
★ It helped in financial inclusion in rural India.

➤ According to the National Statistical Office (NSO) Survey 2022, India’s literacy rate was recorded at 77.7%, reflecting an improvement from previous years.
★ The male literacy rate was higher than females, showing a continued gender gap in education.

➤ In economics, competitive behaviour tends to be inversely related to competitive market structure; as market concentration increases, competition decreases.
★ In monopolistic or oligopolistic markets, fewer players reduce competitive behaviour.

➤ As per Global MPI 2022, 34.4 million people in India were found to be multidimensionally poor based on indicators like nutrition, sanitation, housing, and cooking fuel.
★ This shows India’s progress in poverty reduction, but significant deprivation remains.

➤ NCRB data shows that suicide cases linked to unemployment rose by 24% between 2016 and 2019, highlighting the psychological and economic stress caused by lack of jobs.
★ This underscores the need for stronger employment policies and mental health support.

➤ In 2021, the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) was shifted to the Ministry of Finance to ensure better financial oversight and support the strategic disinvestment/privatisation drive.
★ This move aligns with India’s agenda to restructure and privatize PSUs.

➤ Pull factors attract people towards a place. In India’s context, labour demand, civil rights, and high living standards are pull factors. Natural disasters are push factors.
★ Understanding push vs pull helps in analyzing migration trends in India.

➤ India’s population growth rate started to decline from 1981 onwards due to better healthcare, family planning, and education.
★ The 1981 Census marked the peak growth rate, after which the decline began.