➤ Virtual reality (VR) primarily stimulates the sense of vision using headsets or goggles to create immersive 3D environments.
★ Most VR systems rely heavily on visual input to simulate reality.

➤ Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through contaminated food or water.
★ It is a food- and water-borne disease leading to severe dehydration.

➤ Muscle cells move the body by contracting and relaxing, enabling movement of limbs and organs.
★ Movement depends on the actin and myosin filaments in muscle fibers.

➤ Vertebrata includes animals with a vertebral column or notochord, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
★ They belong to the phylum Chordata.

➤ Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization, a method of heating food to destroy harmful microorganisms.
★ This process is widely used for milk and beverages.

➤ Malaria is caused by a parasite (Plasmodium), not due to genetic mutation.
★ Others are inherited genetic disorders.

➤ Invertebrates do not have a backbone, which is a key difference from vertebrates.
★ Statement D is incorrect and applies to vertebrates.

➤ Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids.
★ It provides rigidity and shape to bacterial cells.

➤ The correct taxonomic hierarchy is: Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
★ It shows the descending order of classification.

➤ Guttation is the exudation of water droplets from the edges of leaves due to root pressure.
★ It usually occurs during early morning or night when transpiration is low.

➤ Eutrophication is caused by excessive nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to overgrowth of algae and depletion of oxygen in water.
★ It causes aquatic life death and water quality degradation.

➤ The term “gene” was coined by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909 to refer to units of heredity proposed by Mendel.
★ It helped in establishing modern genetics terminology.

➤ Albinism is a genetic disorder due to mutation in melanin-producing genes, resulting in lack of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes.
★ It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

➤ In Monstera, roots that arise from parts other than the radicle are called adventitious roots.
★ These roots are common in climbers and epiphytes.

➤ Snails are known for sequential hermaphroditism, meaning they can change sex during their life cycle.
★ Some species are simultaneous hermaphrodites too.

➤ The sphincter muscle (pyloric sphincter) controls the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine.
★ It helps in regulated digestion and absorption.

➤ Cyclostomes (like lampreys and hagfish) have elongated bodies, jawless circular mouths, slimy skin, and lack scales.
★ They are the most primitive vertebrates.

➤ In honey bees, males (drones) are haploid and arise from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are diploid, from fertilized eggs.
★ This is known as haplodiploidy system of sex determination.

➤ In a dihybrid cross BbEe x BbEe, the probability of each homozygous dominant genotype is: BB = 1/4 and EE = 1/4.
➤ Probability of BBEE = 1/4 × 1/4 = 1/16.
★ This follows Mendel’s principles of independent assortment.

➤ Essential enzymes for DNA replication include:
➤ Topoisomerase (relaxes supercoiling), DNA primase (synthesizes RNA primer), DNA polymerase (adds nucleotides), and DNA ligase (joins Okazaki fragments).
★ Reverse transcriptase is used in RNA to DNA transcription, not DNA replication.

➤ Trypsin is a pancreatic serine protease involved in protein digestion by breaking peptide bonds.
★ It is secreted as trypsinogen and activated in the small intestine.

➤ In symport, two molecules or ions are transported simultaneously in the same direction across a membrane using the same transporter.
★ This is a form of cotransport.

➤ Protoderm is a primary meristem from the apical meristem responsible for forming the epidermis.
★ Apical meristem gives rise to protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem.

➤ Turgor pressure is the pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall, causing cell enlargement and extension growth.
★ It is vital for plant cell rigidity and growth.

➤ Epistasis is when one gene masks or modifies the expression of another gene at a different locus.
★ It affects phenotypic ratios and genetic interactions.

➤ Walther Flemming conducted detailed studies of chromosome behavior during cell division and coined the term mitosis.
★ His work laid the foundation for cytogenetics.

➤ Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944) demonstrated that DNA is the hereditary material in most living organisms (except viruses).
★ This was a crucial step in molecular genetics.

➤ The process of transcription involves synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. This occurs based on the principle of complementarity, where RNA nucleotides pair specifically with complementary DNA bases (A with U, T with A, C with G, and G with C).
➤ This ensures accurate copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA.
★ The principle of complementarity is fundamental to both transcription and DNA replication.

➤ In semiconservative DNA replication, each new DNA molecule has one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand.
★ This model was proved by Meselson and Stahl’s experiment.

➤ Mendel’s law of independent assortment was proposed from dihybrid crosses, where he observed that traits are inherited independently.
★ It applies to genes located on different chromosomes.

➤ Law of segregation states that each allele segregates randomly into gametes, so offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
★ It explains the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.