➤ Leader: Guru Ghasidas (1756–1836)
➤ Movement: Satnami Movement
➤ Region: Chhattisgarh, Central India

Objectives of the Movement:
✧ Improve the social condition of the leather-working community (Dalits).
✧ Oppose untouchability, caste-based discrimination, and social injustice.
✧ Promote values of equality, truth, and non-violence.
Key Features:
✧ Followers were known as Satnamis (those who believe in truth).
✧ Encouraged moral living and simple worship without elaborate rituals.
✧ Rejected the dominance of Brahminical orthodoxy.
Legacy:
✧ Played a significant role in raising awareness about Dalit rights and social reforms in Chhattisgarh.
✧ The principles of the movement continue to inspire marginalized communities in the region.

★ Guru Ghasidas led the Satnami Movement to uplift leather workers and Dalits.
★ Promoted social equality, truth, and non-violence.
★ Focused on fighting caste-based discrimination in British India.

➤ Ruler: Ghiyas ud-din Balban (Reigned 1266–1287 CE)
➤ Dynasty: Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate

Policy of Consolidation:
✧ Focused on strengthening the internal administration of the Sultanate instead of territorial expansion.
✧ Suppressed nobility (Chahalgani or Forty) to establish centralized authority.
✧ Reorganized the military through the Diwan-i-Arz to maintain discipline and readiness.
✧ Fortified borders to defend against Mongol invasions.
Key Measures:
✧ Introduced strict measures for law and order and court etiquette.
✧ Strengthened the spy system (Barid) to monitor officials and nobles.
✧ Promoted the concept of divine kingship to legitimize his authority.
Significance:
✧ Ensured stability and order in the Delhi Sultanate after a period of political chaos.
✧ Paved the way for future rulers, like Alauddin Khalji, to focus on expansion.

★ Balban prioritized consolidation over expansion.
★ Strengthened internal administration and curbed noble power.
★ Reorganized the military to defend against external threats like the Mongols.

➤ Dynasty: Vakataka Dynasty (ruled from the 3rd to 5th century CE)
➤ Region:
✧ Dominated northern Maharashtra and Vidarbha (present-day eastern Maharashtra).
✧ Extended influence to parts of Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.

➤ Key Rulers:
✧ Vindhyashakti – Founder of the dynasty.
✧ Pravarasena I – Expanded the kingdom significantly and took the title of Samrat (emperor).
✧ Rudrasena II – Married Prabhavatigupta, daughter of Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire.
➤ Cultural Contributions:
✧ Great patrons of art and architecture, particularly the Ajanta Caves under the rule of Harishena.
✧ Promoted Sanskrit literature and Hinduism, especially the worship of Shaivism and Vaishnavism.
➤ Significance:
✧ Served as a bridge between North India (Guptas) and the Deccan culturally and politically.
✧ Played a major role in spreading Gupta influence in peninsular India through marital alliances.

★ The Vakatakas ruled over northern Maharashtra and Vidarbha.
★ Known for their contributions to art, especially the Ajanta Caves.
★ Formed strong political alliances with the Gupta Empire through marriage.

➤ Dynasty: Satavahana Dynasty (ruled from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE).
➤ Region: Primarily ruled over Deccan and parts of Central India and Southern India.

Administrative Structure:
✧ The kingdom was divided into subdivisions known as:
 ✔ Aharas – Administrative districts for efficient governance.
 ✔ Rashtras – Larger territorial units akin to provinces.
✧ Each Ahara was governed by an official called the Amatyas or Mahamatras (officers responsible for local administration and revenue collection).

Key Features of Satavahana Administration:
✧ Centralized monarchy with decentralized provincial governance.
✧ Promoted local governance while maintaining control over regional leaders.
✧ Officials maintained law and order, collected taxes, and implemented royal policies at the local level.

Cultural and Economic Contributions:
✧ Promoted Buddhism and built important Buddhist monuments like the Amaravati Stupa.
✧ Known for trade, especially with Roman and Southeast Asian kingdoms.

★ The Satavahana Kingdom was divided into Aharas (districts) and Rashtras (provinces).
★ Ensured effective local administration through appointed officials.
★ Played a significant role in trade, culture, and the spread of Buddhism.

➤ Founder: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
➤ Year: 1936
➤ Region: Established in Bombay Presidency (now Maharashtra)

Objectives of the Party:
✧ Represent the interests of the Depressed Classes (Dalits) and working-class people.
✧ Fight against caste-based discrimination and promote social justice.
✧ Advocate for labor rights, including better wages, working conditions, and equal opportunities for marginalized communities.

Key Contributions:
✧ Contested the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly and secured 14 seats.
✧ Raised issues concerning untouchability, land reforms, and labor rights in India’s political landscape.

Later Development:
✧ In 1942, Dr. Ambedkar dissolved the party and formed the Scheduled Castes Federation (SCF) to further focus on Dalit rights.

★ The Independent Labour Party was founded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1936.
★ Focused on labor rights and the upliftment of the Depressed Classes.
★ Played a key role in advocating for social justice and equality in pre-independent India.

➤ Passed by: British Parliament in 1784
➤ Objective: To establish greater control over the East India Company’s administration in India.

Key Provisions:
✧ Established the Board of Control in England to:
 ✔ Supervise civil, military, and revenue affairs of the Company.
 ✔ Maintain communication between the British Government and the East India Company.
✧ Divided administrative powers:
 ✔ Board of Control – Represented the British Crown and exercised political authority.
 ✔ Court of Directors – Managed the commercial affairs of the East India Company.

Significance:
✧ Marked the beginning of dual control by the British Government and the East India Company.
✧ Increased parliamentary control over Indian affairs, reducing the Company’s autonomy.
✧ Laid the foundation for direct British intervention in Indian governance.

★ The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established the Board of Control.
★ Introduced dual governance by the British Crown and East India Company.
★ Enhanced parliamentary supervision over British India’s administration.

➤ Gharana: Maihar Gharana
➤ Instrument: Sarod – A prominent string instrument in Hindustani classical music.
➤ Guru: Trained under his father, Ustad Allauddin Khan, the founder of the Maihar Gharana.

Key Contributions:
✧ Played a pivotal role in popularizing Indian classical music globally, especially in the United States.
✧ Founded the Ali Akbar College of Music in California to teach Hindustani classical music internationally.
✧ Known for his collaborations with artists like Yehudi Menuhin and other Western musicians.

Legacy:
✧ Awarded prestigious honors like the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan.
✧ His style reflected the depth and complexity of the Maihar Gharana, blending melody with technical precision.

★ Ali Akbar Khan belonged to the Maihar Gharana.
★ Renowned for his mastery of the sarod.
★ Instrumental in promoting Indian classical music worldwide.

➤ Dynasty: Maukharis Dynasty (6th–7th century CE)
➤ Region: Based in Kannauj (present-day Uttar Pradesh)

Key Highlights:
✧ Rose to prominence after the decline of the Gupta Empire.
✧ Established Kannauj as a major political and cultural center in North India.
✧ Frequently engaged in conflicts with the Later Guptas and Pushyabhuti Dynasty (rulers of Thanesar).

Notable Rulers:
✧ Ishanavarman – Expanded the kingdom and strengthened the dynasty’s influence in northern India.
✧ Fought against the Pushyabhutis and Later Guptas to maintain control over the Gangetic plains.

Significance:
✧ Played a key role in the power struggles of early medieval North India.
✧ Their rivalry with the Pushyabhutis and Rashtrakutas led to the famous Tripartite Struggle over control of Kannauj in later centuries.

★ The Maukharis established their power in Kannauj.
★ Rose to prominence after the decline of the Gupta Empire.
★ Engaged in significant conflicts with other regional powers to dominate North India.

➤ Founder: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
➤ Year: 1929
➤ Region: Bihar

Objectives:
✧ Improve the conditions of peasants (kisans) and fight against the exploitation by zamindars (landlords) under the zamindari system.
✧ Demand fair treatment, reduced land taxes, and protection from forced labor (begar).
✧ Promote land reforms and secure tenancy rights for farmers.

Key Contributions:
✧ Led numerous peasant movements across Bihar.
✧ Later played a crucial role in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936.
✧ Authored influential works such as “Mera Jeevan Sangharsh” (My Life Struggle), highlighting the plight of peasants.

Legacy:
✧ Regarded as a pioneer of the peasant movement in India.
✧ Inspired future land reform initiatives and the broader Kisan Movement across India.

★ Swami Sahajanand Saraswati founded the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha in 1929.
★ Fought against zamindari exploitation and promoted peasant rights.
★ Played a key role in strengthening the peasant movement in India.

➤ Dynasty: Pushyabhuti Dynasty (also known as the Vardhana Dynasty)
➤ Key Ruler: Prabhakaravardhana (Father of Harshavardhana)

Conflict with the Hunas:
✧ The Hunas were Central Asian invaders who had weakened many North Indian kingdoms after the fall of the Gupta Empire.
✧ Prabhakaravardhana successfully defeated the Hunas and consolidated his power over regions like Punjab and Haryana.

Impact of the Victory:
✧ Strengthened the Pushyabhuti Dynasty’s position in northern India.
✧ Paved the way for Harshavardhana to expand the empire further across North India after Prabhakaravardhana’s death.
✧ Restored political stability in the region after repeated invasions by the Hunas.

Legacy:
✧ Marked the decline of Huna power in India.
✧ Enabled the rise of Harshavardhana, who later united much of northern India under his rule.

★ The Pushyabhuti Dynasty defeated the Hunas to strengthen their control over Punjab and Haryana.
★ Prabhakaravardhana led the defense against Huna invasions.
★ This victory set the stage for Harshavardhana’s later conquests.

➤ Region: Kashmir
➤ Reign: 958–1003 CE
➤ Dynasty: Karkota Dynasty (related by marriage)

Key Highlights:
✧ Initially served as a regent for her minor son and later for her grandsons.
✧ Eventually became the sole ruler of Kashmir due to political conflicts and the deaths of her heirs.
✧ Known for her strong leadership and political acumen in handling internal rebellions and maintaining power.

Contributions:
✧ Strengthened the administrative and military structure of Kashmir.
✧ Known for effectively dealing with nobility conspiracies and maintaining her authority despite being a female ruler in a male-dominated era.
✧ Her reign stabilized Kashmir during a politically volatile period.

Legacy:
✧ One of the few prominent female rulers in early medieval India.
✧ Set a precedent for women’s leadership in Indian history.

★ Queen Didda ruled Kashmir during the 10th century CE.
★ Known for her political skill and strong governance.
★ One of the earliest powerful female rulers in Indian history.

➤ Author: Ilango Adigal
➤ Period: 5th–6th century CE
➤ Language: Tamil
➤ Dynasty: Believed to be associated with the Chera Dynasty (Ilango Adigal was said to be the brother of Chera king Senguttuvan).

About the Epic:
✧ Silappathikaram means “The Tale of an Anklet”.
✧ One of the Five Great Epics of Tamil literature.
✧ A narrative that combines elements of love, betrayal, and justice.

Main Characters:
✧ Kannagi – The central figure, known for her loyalty and pursuit of justice.
✧ Kovalan – Kannagi’s husband, who is wrongfully executed.
✧ Madhavi – A court dancer with whom Kovalan falls in love.

Key Themes:
✧ Justice – Depicts Kannagi’s quest for justice after Kovalan’s wrongful death.
✧ Virtue and Loyalty – Symbolizes womanly virtue and moral strength.
✧ Social Critique – Highlights flaws in judicial systems and royal administration.

Cultural Significance:
✧ A foundational text in Tamil literature and Dravidian culture.
✧ Represents the rich ethical values and social structure of ancient Tamil society.

★ Silappathikaram was written by Ilango Adigal in the 5th–6th century CE.
★ Celebrates themes of justice, loyalty, and virtue.
★ One of the most important epics in classical Tamil literature.

➤ Year Established: 1920
➤ Location: Bombay (now Mumbai)
➤ Founder: Lala Lajpat Rai (First President)

Objectives:
✧ Protect the rights and improve the working conditions of industrial workers in India.
✧ Advocate for fair wages, working hours, and better labor conditions.
✧ Promote the growth of trade unions across India to ensure workers’ representation.

Key Features:
✧ Oldest trade union organization in India.
✧ Played a significant role in organizing labor strikes and protests against colonial exploitation.
✧ Closely associated with the Indian independence movement.

Later Influence:
✧ Linked with the Communist Party of India (CPI) after independence.
✧ Continues to be an important organization advocating for labor rights in modern India.

★ The AITUC was established in 1920 in Bombay.
★ Founded by Lala Lajpat Rai to promote workers’ rights.
★ It is the oldest trade union federation in India.

➤ Host Country: Yugoslavia
➤ Location: Belgrade
➤ Year: 1961

Key Founding Leaders:
✧ Jawaharlal Nehru – India
✧ Josip Broz Tito – Yugoslavia
✧ Gamal Abdel Nasser – Egypt
✧ Sukarno – Indonesia
✧ Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana

Objectives of the Summit:
✧ Promote an independent path for countries not aligned with either the Western bloc (led by the USA) or the Eastern bloc (led by the USSR) during the Cold War.
✧ Uphold the principles of peace, sovereignty, and non-interference in the internal affairs of nations.
✧ Encourage economic cooperation among developing nations.

Significance:
✧ Established the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) as a major force in international politics.
✧ Became a platform for newly independent countries to voice their concerns on a global stage.

★ The first official summit of the Non-Aligned Movement was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in 1961.
★ Focused on maintaining neutrality during the Cold War.
★ India, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Indonesia, and Ghana were the founding members.

➤ Passed in: 1784
➤ Governor-General: Warren Hastings (Governor-General of Bengal at the time)

Why It Was Called the ‘Half-Loaf System’:
✧ The term “half-loaf system” refers to the division of power between:
 ✔ Board of Control – Represented the British Crown and had political authority.
 ✔ Court of Directors – Managed the commercial affairs of the East India Company.
✧ This arrangement created a dual system of governance, with both entities sharing power but not having complete control individually—hence, it was metaphorically referred to as the “half-loaf system” since neither side had full authority.

Key Provisions:
✧ Tightened British government control over the East India Company’s political affairs.
✧ Strengthened the authority of the Governor-General in India.
✧ Introduced dual government where the Crown oversaw political matters while the Company handled commercial operations.

Significance:
✧ Reduced the autonomy of the East India Company.
✧ Laid the groundwork for more direct control by the British Crown over Indian governance.

★ The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 was also called the ‘half-loaf system’ due to its dual governance structure.
★ Introduced a balance of power between the British government and the East India Company.
★ Strengthened British control over Indian political affairs.

➤ Rajaraja I ruled from 985 AD to 1014 AD.
➤ Expanded the Chola Empire across South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and parts of Southeast Asia.
➤ Built the magnificent Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
➤ Strengthened the Chola navy, making it a dominant maritime force in the Indian Ocean.
➤ Promoted trade, art, and architecture, ushering in a golden age of Tamil culture and influence.

★ Rajaraja I’s reign from 985 AD to 1014 AD marked the peak of Chola power and cultural achievements.
★ His military and administrative reforms laid the foundation for future Chola rulers, especially Rajendra I.

➤ Formed by: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
➤ Year: 1927
➤ Purpose: To promote equality, social justice, and fight against caste-based discrimination.

Key Objectives:
✧ Empower the Dalits and marginalized communities to fight for their rights.
✧ Promote social reforms through organized action and peaceful protests.
✧ Create awareness about civil rights and fight against untouchability.

Significance:
✧ Played a crucial role in supporting Ambedkar’s efforts to promote social justice and education for the underprivileged.
✧ Helped mobilize the Dalit community to demand equal rights and fair treatment in society.

★ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar founded the Samata Sainik Dal in 1927.
★ Aimed to empower Dalits and fight against caste oppression.
★ Contributed to India’s broader social reform and equality movements.

➤ Founded by: Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar
➤ Year: 1910
➤ Location: Seattle, USA

Purpose:
✧ Served as a hub for Indian immigrants in the United States.
✧ Aimed to promote Indian nationalism and support the cause of India’s independence from British rule.
✧ Provided a space for political discussions, awareness, and cultural exchange among Indian expatriates.

Key Contributions:
✧ Played a significant role in the rise of the Ghadar Movement in North America.
✧ Helped organize Indian workers and students in the U.S. for the freedom struggle.
✧ Published revolutionary literature to spread awareness about British colonial exploitation.

★ The United India House was founded in 1910 by Tarak Nath Das and G.D. Kumar in Seattle, USA.
★ It became a key center for Indian nationalist activities abroad.
★ Contributed to the early revolutionary movement for Indian independence.

➤ Position: Kumara (Royal Prince)
➤ Dynasty: Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE)
➤ Role: Headed the provincial administration under the direct supervision of the emperor.

Key Responsibilities:
✧ Governed large provinces (Janapadas) on behalf of the emperor.
✧ Maintained law and order, supervised revenue collection, and managed administrative affairs.
✧ Reported directly to the central government in Pataliputra.

Assistance:
✧ Assisted by officials like the Mahamatyas (senior officers) and Amatyas (ministers).
✧ Worked closely with local officials to ensure smooth governance and efficient tax collection.

Significance:
✧ Helped maintain central control over a vast empire.
✧ Allowed the emperor to delegate responsibilities while retaining overall authority.

★ The Kumara generally headed the provincial administration under the Mauryan Empire.
★ Entrusted with maintaining law, order, and efficient governance in provinces.
★ Played a key role in strengthening central authority across the empire.

➤ Location: Bankipore, Bihar (now part of Patna)
➤ Year: 1912
➤ Event: Indian National Congress (INC) Session

Key Highlights:
✧ Raja Ramendra Narayan Roy of Lalgola, Bengal, served as the President of the session.
✧ Focused on issues related to constitutional reforms and Indian representation in governance.
✧ Addressed growing concerns over British administrative policies and the lack of Indian participation in key decision-making roles.

Significance:
✧ Strengthened the call for greater Indian autonomy and self-governance.
✧ Marked a shift toward more assertive political demands from Indian leaders against British colonial policies.

★ The 1912 session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bankipore, Bihar.
★ Focused on constitutional reforms and greater Indian participation in governance.
★ Raja Ramendra Narayan Roy presided over this important session.

➤ Location: Khurda, Odisha
➤ Year: 1817
➤ Also Known As: Paika Rebellion

Key Leaders:
✧ Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar led the uprising.
✧ The rebellion was supported by the Paikas (military class of Odisha) and local zamindars.

Causes:
✧ British land revenue policies displaced the Paikas from their lands.
✧ High taxation and exploitation by British colonial officials.
✧ Economic hardship due to the decline of traditional land tenures.

Key Events:
✧ Rebels attacked British establishments, including police stations and revenue offices.
✧ The rebellion spread across Odisha, involving peasants, zamindars, and tribal groups.
✧ The British eventually suppressed the rebellion with military force.

Significance:
✧ One of the earliest organized revolts against British colonial rule in India.
✧ Inspired future resistance movements in Odisha and across India.
✧ Recognized as a symbol of Odisha’s struggle for independence.

★ The Uprising of Khurda in 1817 took place in Odisha.
★ Led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, it is also known as the Paika Rebellion.
★ It was one of the earliest revolts against British colonial oppression.

➤ Person Responsible: Robert Clive
➤ Cartographer: James Rennell, known as the Father of Indian Geography
➤ Period: Mid-18th century, after the Battle of Plassey (1757)

Purpose:
✧ To create an accurate map of Hindustan for better administrative control and military strategy.
✧ Helped the British East India Company in planning revenue collection and territorial expansion.

Key Contributions by James Rennell:
✧ Published “Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan” in 1783.
✧ Produced the first nearly accurate scientific map of India.
✧ His maps played a crucial role in the British understanding of Indian geography and resource management.

Significance:
✧ Laid the foundation for future cartographic surveys in India.
✧ Provided essential geographical data for British administrative and military operations.

★ Robert Clive commissioned James Rennell to prepare the map of Hindustan.
★ The map was vital for British administrative, military, and economic strategies.
★ James Rennell is regarded as the Father of Indian Geography for his contributions.

➤ Person: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (VD Savarkar)
➤ Year: 1911
➤ Location: Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Reason for Imprisonment:
✧ Arrested for his involvement in revolutionary activities against British colonial rule.
✧ Linked to the Nashik Conspiracy Case and his role in promoting armed resistance through the Abhinav Bharat Society.
✧ Published the book “The First War of Indian Independence 1857”, which inspired revolutionary sentiments.

Life in Andaman Jail:
✧ Sentenced to two life imprisonments totaling 50 years.
✧ Endured harsh conditions, including solitary confinement and forced labor.
✧ Continued to inspire freedom fighters despite severe hardships.

Significance:
✧ Became a symbol of revolutionary nationalism in India’s freedom struggle.
✧ His writings and ideology significantly influenced later revolutionary movements.

★ VD Savarkar was sent to the Andaman Jail in 1911.
★ He was sentenced to two life imprisonments for his revolutionary activities.
★ His imprisonment became a symbol of British oppression and Indian resistance.

➤ Year: 1781 C.E.
➤ Established by: Warren Hastings, the Governor-General of Bengal

Purpose:
✧ To promote the study of Arabic, Persian, and Islamic law among Indian Muslims.
✧ Train individuals for administrative and judicial positions under British colonial governance.
✧ Preserve and encourage the understanding of Islamic jurisprudence within the colonial legal framework.

Institution:
✧ Named Calcutta Madrasa (now known as Aliah University).
✧ One of the oldest institutions for Islamic learning in India.

Significance:
✧ Served as a key institution for educating Muslim elites during the colonial period.
✧ Helped integrate traditional Islamic scholarship with the colonial administrative system.
✧ Played a role in fostering legal and linguistic studies in the region.

★ The Calcutta Madrasa was established in 1781 C.E. by Warren Hastings.
★ Promoted the study of Arabic, Persian, and Islamic law.
★ Aimed at educating Muslims for roles in the British colonial administration.

➤ Hero: Ramapala
➤ Dynasty: Pala Dynasty (ruled from the 8th to 12th century CE)
➤ Author: Sandhyakar Nandi

About the Work – Ramacharita:
✧ A Sanskrit historical poem that narrates the life and achievements of King Ramapala.
✧ Highlights Ramapala’s efforts to restore the Pala dynasty’s power after a period of decline.
✧ Describes his military campaigns, especially his victory over the Kaivarta rebellion in Bengal.

Key Achievements of Ramapala:
✧ Re-established Pala authority in Bengal and Bihar.
✧ Strengthened the dynasty through military conquests and strategic alliances.
✧ Patronized art, culture, and literature, leading to a resurgence of Pala influence in eastern India.

Significance of the Ramacharita:
✧ Serves as a valuable historical source for understanding the political history of the later Pala period.
✧ Celebrates the heroism, valor, and administrative skills of Ramapala.

★ Ramapala is the hero of the Sanskrit historical poem Ramacharita written by Sandhyakar Nandi.
★ The poem highlights his efforts to restore the power of the Pala Dynasty.
★ It remains an important literary and historical record of medieval Bengal.