➤ Passed by: British Parliament in 1773 AD.
➤ Purpose: To regulate the activities and administration of the East India Company in India.
➤ Key Provisions:
 ✧ Established the position of Governor-General of Bengal (First: Warren Hastings).
 ✧ Created an executive council of four members to assist the Governor-General.
 ✧ Made the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta (1774).
 ✧ Prohibited Company servants from engaging in private trade and accepting gifts.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ First step towards British government control over the East India Company.
 ✧ Laid the foundation for future British administrative reforms in India.

★ The Regulating Act was passed in 1773 AD.
★ Established the office of Governor-General of Bengal.
★ Marked the beginning of British government intervention in Company affairs.

➤ Date & Place: June 23, 1757, fought at Plassey (West Bengal).
➤ Opponents:
 ✧ British East India Company led by Robert Clive.
 ✧ Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, supported by the French.
➤ Key Events:
 ✧ Betrayal by Mir Jafar, commander of Siraj-ud-Daulah’s forces, led to the British victory.
 ✧ Siraj-ud-Daulah was captured and killed.
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ Mir Jafar was installed as a puppet Nawab.
 ✧ British gained control over Bengal’s wealth and resources.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ Marked the formal beginning of British political dominance in India.
 ✧ Established British economic control over Bengal, paving the way for the British Raj.

★ The Battle of Plassey (1757) marked the beginning of British rule in India.
★ Robert Clive led the British to victory over Siraj-ud-Daulah.
★ Gave the British economic and political control over Bengal.

➤ Ruler: Iltutmish (Reigned 1211–1236 CE), from the Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
➤ Coinage Reforms:
 ✧ Introduced two major coins:
  ✔ Silver Tanka – Standardized silver coin.
  ✔ Copper Jital – Smaller denomination copper coin.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ Established a uniform currency system across the Sultanate.
 ✧ Laid the foundation for future monetary reforms in India.
➤ Other Achievements:
 ✧ Completed the construction of the Qutub Minar.
 ✧ Introduced the Iqtadari system for land revenue collection.

★ Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka and copper jital.
★ First ruler to standardize currency in the Delhi Sultanate.
★ Strengthened the monetary system for future sultans.

➤ Founded in: 1913 in San Francisco, USA.
➤ Founders:
 ✧ Lala Har Dayal
 ✧ Sohan Singh Bhakna
 ✧ Rashbehari Bose (active supporter)
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Overthrow British colonial rule in India through an armed revolution.
➤ Key Activities:
 ✧ Published a newspaper called “Ghadar” to inspire revolutionaries.
 ✧ Planned uprisings among Indian soldiers in the British Army during World War I.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Inspired revolutionary movements in India.
 ✧ Led to significant arrests and trials by the British government, known as the Hindu-German Conspiracy Trials.

★ The Ghadar Party was founded in San Francisco in 1913.
★ Aimed at ending British rule through armed revolution.
★ Lala Har Dayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna were key founders.

➤ Founder: Gopala (Reigned 750–770 CE).
➤ Region: Bengal and Bihar (Eastern India).
➤ Reason for Rise:
 ✧ Elected by local chieftains to end political instability in Bengal.
➤ Achievements:
 ✧ Established peace and stability in Bengal.
 ✧ Laid the foundation for the Pala Empire, which later became a major power in Eastern India.
➤ Successors:
 ✧ Dharmapala – Expanded the empire and patronized Nalanda University.
 ✧ Devapala – Extended the empire to its largest territorial extent.

★ Gopala founded the Pala Dynasty in the 8th century CE.
★ Elected by regional chiefs to bring political stability.
★ Laid the foundation for future Pala expansion in Eastern India.

➤ Ruler: Emperor Ashoka (Reigned 268–232 BCE), of the Mauryan Dynasty.
➤ Meaning of Piyadassi:
 ✧ “He who looks upon all with kindness” or “Of gracious appearance”.
➤ Inscriptions:
 ✧ The name ‘Piyadassi’ appears in many of Ashoka’s edicts and inscriptions.
 ✧ Often accompanied by the title ‘Devanampriya’ (Beloved of the Gods).
➤ Key Achievements:
 ✧ Promoted Buddhism after the Kalinga War.
 ✧ Issued edicts advocating non-violence, religious tolerance, and moral governance.
➤ Legacy:
 ✧ His symbols, like the Lion Capital of Ashoka, became India’s National Emblem.

★ ‘Piyadassi’ was a title used by Emperor Ashoka.
★ Appears in his edicts and inscriptions.
★ Reflected Ashoka’s commitment to compassion and moral rule.

➤ Root Word: Derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Go’ meaning cow.
➤ Term: Gomat – Literally means “possessor of cows”.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ In Vedic society, wealth was measured by the number of cattle owned.
 ✧ A person with many cows was considered rich and prosperous.
➤ Economic Role:
 ✧ Cattle were a primary source of wealth, trade, and livelihood.
 ✧ Symbol of social status and economic strength in Vedic culture.

★ Gomat referred to a wealthy person in Vedic times.
★ Wealth was measured by cattle ownership.
★ Cows symbolized prosperity and social status.

➤ Introduced by: Lord Cornwallis, Governor-General of India (1786–1793).
➤ Year: 1792.
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ Establish a structured police administration in British India.
 ✧ Maintain law and order and reduce corruption within the local administration.
➤ Key Features:
 ✧ Appointment of Darogas (police officers) in districts and villages.
 ✧ Darogas were responsible for crime prevention, investigation, and maintaining peace.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Became the foundation for the modern Indian police system.
 ✧ Increased administrative control of the British over local areas.

★ Lord Cornwallis introduced the Daroga system in 1792.
★ Established a formal police administration in India.
★ Laid the groundwork for the modern Indian police structure.

➤ Asiatic Society of Bengal → Sir William Jones (1784)
 ✧ Founded to promote research in Asian arts, culture, and history.
➤ Sanskrit College of Benaras → Jonathan Duncan (1791)
 ✧ Established to promote Sanskrit studies and preserve Hindu traditions.
➤ Fort William College → Lord Wellesley (1800)
 ✧ Aimed at training civil servants of the British East India Company.
➤ Calcutta Madrasa → Warren Hastings (1781)
 ✧ Established for promoting Islamic studies and training Muslim law officers.

★ Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by Sir William Jones.
★ Sanskrit College of Benaras was established by Jonathan Duncan.
★ Fort William College was set up by Lord Wellesley.
★ Calcutta Madrasa was established by Warren Hastings.

➤ Founded in: 1875 in New York, USA.
➤ Founders:
 ✧ Madame Helena Petrovna Blavatsky – A Russian spiritualist and philosopher.
 ✧ Colonel Henry Steel Olcott – An American military officer and lawyer.
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Promote universal brotherhood and the study of comparative religion, philosophy, and science.
 ✧ Explore spiritualism and occult knowledge.
➤ In India:
 ✧ Headquarters moved to Adyar, Madras (Chennai) in 1882.
 ✧ Annie Besant later became a prominent leader and worked for Indian social reforms and freedom struggle.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Encouraged the revival of Indian spiritual traditions.
 ✧ Played a significant role in promoting education and women’s rights in India.

★ The Theosophical Society was founded in 1875 by Madame HP Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott.
★ Focused on spiritualism, philosophy, and universal brotherhood.
★ Later led by Annie Besant in India for social and political reforms.

➤ Introduced by: Lord Cornwallis, Governor-General of India.
➤ Year: 1793.
➤ Region: Primarily implemented in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
➤ Key Features:
 ✧ Fixed land revenue collection system for Zamindars (landlords).
 ✧ Zamindars were made hereditary owners of the land.
 ✧ Revenue was fixed permanently, regardless of changes in agricultural output.
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ Ensure a steady income for the British government.
 ✧ Create a loyal class of landholding elites.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Led to the exploitation of peasants by Zamindars.
 ✧ Created significant rural poverty and indebtedness.

★ Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.
★ Fixed revenue collection from Zamindars.
★ Led to rural exploitation and poverty over time.

➤ Suggested by: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, a prominent social reformer and scholar from Bengal.
➤ Law Passed: Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856.
➤ Supported by: Lord Dalhousie, Governor-General of India.
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Legalize widow remarriage among Hindus.
 ✧ Improve the social status and rights of widows.
➤ Challenges:
 ✧ Faced strong opposition from orthodox Hindu conservatives.
 ✧ Vidyasagar advocated for reform through education and awareness.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Marked a major step toward women’s rights in colonial India.
 ✧ Inspired future reforms in women’s education and social justice.

★ Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar suggested the Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
★ Legalized widow remarriage in Hindu society.
★ Pioneered efforts for women’s rights and social reforms in India.

➤ Emperor: Ashoka of the Mauryan Dynasty.
➤ Edict: Major Rock Edict XIII.
➤ Content:
 ✧ Describes the Kalinga War (c. 261 BCE).
 ✧ Mentions Ashoka’s deep remorse and emotional regret after witnessing the massive bloodshed and suffering caused by the war.
➤ Impact of the War:
 ✧ Led to Ashoka’s adoption of Dhamma (righteousness).
 ✧ Shifted focus from military expansion to non-violence and moral governance.
➤ Post-War Actions:
 ✧ Promoted Buddhism across India and abroad.
 ✧ Issued edicts promoting peace, compassion, and religious tolerance.

★ The Kalinga War is mentioned in Major Rock Edict XIII.
★ Ashoka embraced non-violence after witnessing the devastation.
★ Promoted Dhamma and Buddhist principles throughout his empire.

➤ Founder: Raja Rammohun Roy
➤ Year: 1814
➤ Location: Calcutta (now Kolkata), India

➤ Objective:
 ✧ Promote free thinking and encourage discussions on social, religious, and philosophical issues.
 ✧ Reform Hindu society by opposing superstitions and orthodox practices.
➤ Key Contributions:
 ✧ Laid the foundation for future social reforms, including the formation of the Brahmo Samaj (1828).
 ✧ Worked towards the abolition of Sati and promotion of women’s rights.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ First Indian organization focused on intellectual discussions and religious reforms.
 ✧ Inspired future reform movements and leaders.

★ Atmiya Sabha was founded by Raja Rammohun Roy in 1814.
★ Focused on social and religious reforms through intellectual discussions.
★ Paved the way for the formation of the Brahmo Samaj.

➤ Author: Kalidasa, a renowned Sanskrit poet and playwright.
➤ Genre: Sanskrit drama based on a story from the Rigveda.
➤ Theme: The love story of King Pururavas and the celestial nymph Urvashi.

Plays Written by Harshavardhana:
➤ Ratnavali – A romantic drama focused on palace intrigues and love.
➤ Nagananda – A unique play combining Hindu and Buddhist themes.
➤ Priyadarshika – A romantic drama about a royal love affair.

★ Vikramorvasiyam was written by Kalidasa, not Harshavardhana.
★ Harshavardhana authored Ratnavali, Nagananda, and Priyadarshika.
★ Kalidasa’s play revolves around celestial romance, unlike Harshavardhana’s historical dramas.

➤ Dynasty: Pallava Dynasty (ruled from 6th to 9th century CE).
➤ Reign: Mahendravarman I (c. 600–630 CE).
➤ Literary Work:
 ✧ Authored “Mattavilasa Prahasana”, a Sanskrit satirical play.
 ✧ Criticized religious hypocrisy and highlighted social issues of his time.

➤ Achievements:
 ✧ Patron of art, architecture, and literature.
 ✧ Initiated the construction of rock-cut temples in Mahabalipuram.
➤ Successor: Narasimhavarman I (also known as Mamalla), who continued his architectural legacy.

★ Mahendravarman I belonged to the Pallava Dynasty.
★ Wrote the satirical play Mattavilasa Prahasana.
★ Patronized art, literature, and temple architecture.

➤ Ruler: Muhammad bin Tughlaq (Reigned 1325–1351 CE) of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
➤ Ministry: Diwan-i-Amir-i-Kohi – Department of Agriculture.
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ Promote agriculture and increase agricultural productivity.
 ✧ Bring uncultivated lands under cultivation.
➤ Key Measures:
 ✧ Provided loans (Taqavi loans) to farmers for seeds and irrigation.
 ✧ Appointed officials to oversee land development and irrigation projects.
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ The scheme failed due to poor administration and corruption.
 ✧ Led to financial losses and dissatisfaction among farmers.

★ Muhammad bin Tughlaq founded the Diwan-i-Amir-i-Kohi to promote agriculture.
★ Provided financial assistance to farmers.
★ The project failed due to mismanagement and corruption.

➤ Introduced by: Lord Wellesley, Governor-General of India (1798–1805).
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ To establish British control over Indian princely states without direct annexation.
 ✧ Weaken the power of Indian rulers by making them dependent on the British for military protection.
➤ Key Features:
 ✧ Indian rulers had to accept British forces within their territory.
 ✧ Rulers had to pay for the maintenance of British troops.
 ✧ Could not enter into alliances or wars without British permission.
➤ Consequences:
 ✧ States that failed to pay had to cede territory to the British.
 ✧ Expanded British dominance across India.
➤ States Involved:
 ✧ Hyderabad was the first state to sign the alliance (1798).
 ✧ Followed by Mysore, Awadh, and the Marathas.

★ Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system.
★ Forced Indian rulers to maintain British troops and follow British policies.
★ Expanded British political influence without direct annexation.

➤ Rebellion: Santhal Rebellion (also known as Santhal Hool).
➤ Year: 1855–1856.
➤ Leaders: Sido Murmu and Kanhu Murmu (brothers).
➤ Region: Rajmahal Hills, present-day Jharkhand.
➤ Reason:
 ✧ Exploitation by British colonial authorities, zamindars, and moneylenders.
 ✧ Unfair taxation and loss of tribal land rights.
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ The British suppressed the rebellion with military force.
 ✧ Led to the creation of a separate administrative district called Santhal Parganas in 1855.

★ Sido and Kanhu led the Santhal Rebellion in 1855.
★ Revolted against British exploitation and zamindari oppression.
★ Resulted in the formation of Santhal Parganas for tribal protection.

➤ Dynasty: Chola Dynasty (ruled from the 9th to 13th century CE).
➤ Emblem: Tiger – Symbolized strength, bravery, and royal authority.
➤ Other Symbols on Chola Insignia:
 ✧ Fish – Representing the Pandya dynasty (allied through marriage).
 ✧ Bow – Representing the Chera dynasty (another Southern kingdom).
➤ Key Rulers:
 ✧ Rajaraja Chola I – Expanded the empire across South India and Southeast Asia.
 ✧ Rajaraja Chola II and Rajaraja Chola III – Known for their contributions to art, architecture, and naval power.
➤ Legacy:
 ✧ Famous for Dravidian architecture (e.g., Brihadeshwara Temple).
 ✧ Established dominance in South India and maintained powerful trade links with Southeast Asia.

★ The tiger was the emblem of the Chola Dynasty.
★ Symbolized power, courage, and authority.
★ Prominent in Chola coins, flags, and inscriptions.

➤ Actively opposed child marriage and polygamy in Hindu society.
➤ Advocated for women’s education and social reforms.
➤ Played a pivotal role in the passing of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
➤ Worked to legalize widow remarriage and improve women’s status in society.
➤ He was primarily known for his expertise in Sanskrit and contributions to Bengali prose.
➤ Played a significant role in simplifying and modernizing the Bengali language.

★ Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar protested child marriage and promoted widow remarriage.
★ Primarily known for his scholarship in Sanskrit and Bengali, not Persian.
★ Instrumental in passing the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.

➤ Dynasty: Maukharis (6th–7th century CE).
➤ Region: Ruled over Kannauj, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ Replaced Pataliputra as the major political and cultural center of North India.
 ✧ Became a highly contested city due to its strategic location and wealth.
➤ Key Rulers:
 ✧ Ishanavarman – Expanded Maukharis’ influence and strengthened their military power.
 ✧ Later faced conflicts with the Later Guptas and Harshavardhana of the Pushyabhuti Dynasty.
➤ Legacy:
 ✧ Continued to be a major power center under later dynasties like the Pratiharas and during the Tripartite Struggle.

★ The Maukharis ruled over Kannauj in western Uttar Pradesh.
★ Kannauj replaced Pataliputra as North India’s political center.
★ The city remained important for future dynasties like the Pratiharas and Palas.

➤ Formed in: Singapore (1942).
➤ Founder: Captain Mohan Singh (initial formation under Japanese support).
➤ Reorganized by: Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943, who became the Supreme Commander of the INA.
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Fight against British colonial rule in India.
 ✧ Achieve Indian independence through armed struggle.
➤ Support:
 ✧ Backed by Imperial Japan during World War II.
➤ Key Events:
 ✧ Bose gave the famous slogan “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom.”
 ✧ INA fought alongside Japanese forces in the Imphal and Burma campaigns.

★ The Indian National Army was formed in Singapore in 1942.
★ Initially led by Captain Mohan Singh, later reorganized by Subhas Chandra Bose.
★ Fought to liberate India from British rule during World War II.

➤ Kingdom: Pandya Dynasty (one of the ancient Tamil kingdoms).
➤ Capital: Madurai – A prominent city in present-day Tamil Nadu.
➤ Mentioned by: Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
➤ Famous For:
 ✧ Pearl fishing and trade with Rome, Greece, and other foreign kingdoms.
 ✧ Renowned for its literature, temples, and Tamil Sangam assemblies.
➤ Cultural Significance:
 ✧ Home to the famous Meenakshi Temple.
 ✧ Center of Tamil culture, poetry, and learning.
➤ Other Important Cities:
 ✧ Korkai – Famous for its ancient pearl fishing industry.
 ✧ Uraiyur – An early capital before Madurai gained prominence.

★ Madurai was the capital of the Pandya Kingdom.
★ Renowned for its pearl trade and cultural contributions.
★ Mentioned by Megasthenes in his accounts of ancient India.

➤ Ruler: Ghiyas ud-din Balban (Reigned 1266–1287 CE) of the Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty.
➤ Department: Diwan-i-Arz – A military department.
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ To organize and maintain the military structure of the Delhi Sultanate.
 ✧ Oversee the recruitment, training, and discipline of the army.
➤ Key Functions:
 ✧ Conducted regular inspections of soldiers and horses.
 ✧ Maintained military equipment and ensured high standards of readiness.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Strengthened the military administration of the Sultanate.
 ✧ Helped in suppressing internal revolts and external threats effectively.

★ Diwan-i-Arz was a military department established by Balban.
★ Responsible for recruitment, discipline, and military organization.
★ Helped strengthen the Sultanate’s defense system.