➤ Date & Place: February 5, 1922, Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh.
➤ Incident: Protesters set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen.
➤ Reason: Police fired on demonstrators during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
➤ Gandhi’s Reaction:
 ✧ Condemned violence, called off the movement on February 12, 1922.
 ✧ Advocated non-violence (Ahimsa) as the core principle.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Loss of momentum in the freedom struggle.
 ✧ Led to internal divisions within Congress.

★ Chauri Chaura violence led to the movement’s withdrawal.
★ Gandhi suspended Non-Cooperation on Feb 12, 1922.
★ Emphasized strict non-violence in future struggles.

➤ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Calcutta (1828).
➤ Objective: Reform Hindu society by promoting monotheism and rejecting idol worship.
➤ Key Beliefs:
 ✧ Opposed Sati Pratha, child marriage, and caste discrimination.
 ✧ Advocated widow remarriage and women’s education.
➤ Government Support: Helped in passing the Abolition of Sati Act (1829).
➤ Successor: Debendranath Tagore expanded the movement.

★ Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj (1828).
★ Fought against Sati and promoted social reforms.
★ Emphasized monotheism and rational thinking.

➤ Successor: Humayun (1530-1540 & 1555-1556), son of Babur.
➤ Challenges:
 ✧ Defeated by Sher Shah Suri in Battle of Chausa (1539) & Battle of Kannauj (1540).
 ✧ Lost the Mughal throne and went into exile in Persia.
➤ Restoration:
 ✧ Regained power in 1555 with Persian support.
 ✧ Died in 1556 due to a fall from the stairs.
➤ Successor: Akbar (1556-1605), his son.

★ Humayun succeeded Babur in 1530.
★ Lost the empire to Sher Shah Suri (1540), regained it in 1555.
★ Died in 1556, Akbar became the next ruler.

➤ Founded by: Mahatma Gandhi in 1894 in South Africa.
➤ Reason: To fight against racial discrimination faced by Indians.
➤ Key Actions:
 ✧ Opposed unjust laws against Indian traders and workers.
 ✧ Protested against the pass system and heavy taxes on Indians.
➤ Other Contributions in South Africa:
 ✧ Established Tolstoy Farm (1910) & Phoenix Settlement (1904).
 ✧ Developed Satyagraha (non-violent resistance).

★ Gandhi founded Natal Congress in South Africa (1894).
★ Fought against racial discrimination.
★ Developed Satyagraha as a protest method.

➤ Position: Greatest musician in Akbar’s court, part of the Navratnas (Nine Gems).
➤ Real Name: Ramtanu Pandey.
➤ Famous For:
 ✧ Expert in Hindustani classical music.
 ✧ Created new ragas like Miyan Ki Malhar, Miyan Ki Todi.
➤ Influence:
 ✧ Disciple of Swami Haridas.
 ✧ Patronized by Raja Ramchandra of Rewa before Akbar.
➤ Legacy: His music influenced generations, and Gwalior Gharana follows his style.

★ Tansen was Akbar’s court musician.
★ Created famous ragas like Miyan Ki Malhar.
★ Part of Navratnas (Nine Gems) in Akbar’s court.

➤ Date & Place: September – December 1931, London.
➤ Gandhi’s Representation: Indian National Congress (INC).
➤ Reason for Participation:
 ✧ As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931), Congress agreed to join.
➤ Key Issues Discussed:
 ✧ Demand for Dominion Status for India.
 ✧ Representation of Depressed Classes (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates).
➤ Outcome: No agreement; led to Gandhi’s return and resumption of Civil Disobedience Movement.

★ Gandhi represented the Indian National Congress.
★ Demanded Dominion Status for India.
★ No agreement, leading to the continuation of the freedom struggle.

➤ Brahmo Samaj → iii. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1828)
 ✧ Promoted monotheism, women’s rights, and abolition of Sati.
➤ Ramakrishna Mission → i. Swami Vivekananda (1897)
 ✧ Spread Vedanta philosophy and focused on social service.
➤ Prarthana Samaj → ii. Atmaram Pandurang (1867)
 ✧ Advocated reforms in Hindu society, widow remarriage, and education.
➤ Arya Samaj → iv. Swami Dayananda Saraswati (1875)
 ✧ Promoted Vedic teachings, Shuddhi movement, and social equality.

★ All aimed at Hindu social and religious reform.
★ Focused on education, women’s rights, and caste reform.

➤ Event: World’s Parliament of Religions, Chicago, USA (1893).
➤ Swami Vivekananda’s Speech:
 ✧ Started with “Sisters and Brothers of America”, received a standing ovation.
 ✧ Introduced Hinduism and Vedanta philosophy to the Western world.
 ✧ Spoke on religious tolerance and universal brotherhood.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Gained worldwide recognition for Indian spiritualism.
 ✧ Established the Ramakrishna Mission (1897) for social service.

★ Swami Vivekananda represented Hinduism at Chicago (1893).
★ Promoted Vedanta and religious harmony.
★ Founded Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 for social reforms.

➤ Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers): Indus, Jhelum (Vitasta), Chenab (Asikni), Ravi (Parushni), Beas (Vipasa), Sutlej (Shatadru), and Saraswati.
➤ Mentioned in: Rigveda as the primary region of the early Vedic Aryans.
➤ Shipra (B) was not part of Sapta Sindhu; it flows in Madhya Pradesh and is associated with Ujjain & Kumbh Mela.

★ Sapta Sindhu included Indus, Ravi, and Jhelum.
★ Shipra was not among them, located in Madhya Pradesh.
★ Rigveda describes this region as the homeland of early Aryans.

➤ Sent by: Seleucus I Nicator, a Greek ruler of the Seleucid Empire.
➤ Purpose: Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
➤ Book: Wrote “Indica”, describing Mauryan administration, society, and geography.
➤ Key Observations:
 ✧ Described Pataliputra as a grand city.
 ✧ Mentioned absence of slavery in India (later disputed).
 ✧ Detailed Mauryan administration and military strength.

★ Seleucus I Nicator sent Megasthenes to India.
★ Wrote Indica, describing Mauryan rule.
★ Detailed Pataliputra & administrative structure.

➤ Date & Place: April 13, 1919, Amritsar, Punjab (Baisakhi festival).
➤ Incident: General Dyer ordered firing on an unarmed crowd.
➤ Casualties: Hundreds killed, only exit blocked.
➤ Tagore’s Protest: Returned Knighthood (May 1919) in protest.
➤ Other Reactions:
 ✧ Gandhi returned Kaiser-e-Hind medal.
 ✧ Hunter Commission formed (no strict action).
 ✧ Udham Singh killed Michael O’Dwyer (1940) in revenge.
➤ Impact: Increased nationalist movements, led to Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).

★ Tagore returned Knighthood.
★ General Dyer ordered firing.
★ Led to Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).

➤ Founder: Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Mumbai (1875).
➤ Objective: Revival of Vedic traditions and rejection of idol worship.
➤ Main Beliefs:
 ✧ “Back to the Vedas” philosophy.
 ✧ Opposed caste discrimination and superstitions.
 ✧ Promoted women’s education and widow remarriage.
➤ Key Reforms:
 ✧ Established Gurukuls for Vedic education.
 ✧ Led Shuddhi Movement (reconversion of non-Hindus).
➤ Books: Wrote Satyarth Prakash (Truth of Religion).

★ Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded Arya Samaj.
★ Promoted Vedic teachings & social reforms.
★ Started Shuddhi Movement for reconversion.

➤ Introduced by: Lord Dalhousie (1848).
➤ Purpose: Annex Indian states where rulers died without a natural male heir.
➤ Key Annexations:
 ✧ Satara (1848) – First state annexed.
 ✧ Sambalpur, Jaitpur, and Baghat (1849).
 ✧ Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1854), Nagpur (1854).
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Increased resentment among Indian rulers.
 ✧ One of the major causes of the Revolt of 1857.
➤ Abolished by: Lord Canning (1858) after the revolt.

★ Lord Dalhousie introduced Doctrine of Lapse.
★ States without a male heir were annexed.
★ One of the causes of the 1857 Revolt.

➤ Position: Finance (Revenue) Minister of Akbar.
➤ System Introduced: Zabt System (Dahsala System) in 1580.
➤ Key Features of Dahsala System:
 ✧ Land classified based on fertility & productivity.
 ✧ Average produce of 10 years used for tax assessment.
 ✧ 1/3rd of the produce fixed as tax, payable in cash.
➤ Part of: Navratnas (Nine Gems) of Akbar’s court.
➤ Impact: Standardized land revenue collection and reduced corruption.

★ Todar Mal introduced the Zabt System.
★ Fixed land revenue based on 10-year average.
★ Helped in efficient tax collection under Akbar.

➤ Location: Champaran, Bihar (1917).
➤ Leader: Mahatma Gandhi, first Satyagraha in India.
➤ Issue: Forced Indigo cultivation under the Tinkathia System.
➤ Key Person: Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi.
➤ Result:
 ✧ British abolished the Tinkathia System.
 ✧ Farmers got relief from indigo cultivation.
➤ Impact: First major success of Gandhi’s non-violent movement.

★ Champaran Satyagraha was Gandhi’s first in India.
★ Abolished forced indigo cultivation.
★ Marked the rise of mass movements against British rule.

➤ Date & Place: October 22, 1764, fought at Buxar (Bihar).
➤ Opponents: British East India Company vs. Combined Indian Forces.
➤ Indian Alliance:
 ✧ Mir Qasim (Nawab of Bengal)
 ✧ Shuja-ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh)
 ✧ Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor)
➤ British Leader: Hector Munro.
➤ Outcome: British victory, leading to the Treaty of Allahabad (1765).
➤ Impact:
 ✧ British gained Diwani rights (tax collection) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
 ✧ Strengthened British political control in India.

★ Battle of Buxar fought in 1764 (Bihar).
★ British defeated Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula & Shah Alam II.
★ Led to British control over Bengal’s revenue system.

➤ Date & Place: March 16, 1527, fought near Khanwa (Rajasthan).
➤ Opponents:
 ✧ Babur (Mughal forces).
 ✧ Rana Sanga (Rajput Confederacy).
➤ Reason: Rana Sanga opposed Babur’s expansion after his victory in the First Battle of Panipat (1526).
➤ Outcome: Babur defeated Rana Sanga using Tulughma (flanking tactics) and gunpowder artillery.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Secured Mughal rule in North India.
 ✧ Rana Sanga was wounded and later died.
 ✧ Babur took the title “Ghazi” (defender of Islam).

★ Battle of Khanwa was fought in 1527 between Babur & Rana Sanga.
★ Babur’s victory secured Mughal rule in India.
★ Use of gunpowder & Tulughma strategy ensured Babur’s success.

➤ Date & Place: March 5, 1931, signed between Mahatma Gandhi & Lord Irwin.
➤ Reason: To end the Civil Disobedience Movement and enable Congress participation in the Second Round Table Conference.
➤ Key Terms:
 ✧ Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 ✧ British agreed to release political prisoners (except violent offenders).
 ✧ Salt production allowed near the coast.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference (1931) in London.
 ✧ Disappointment among revolutionaries as Bhagat Singh was not saved from execution.

★ Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931.
★ Ended the Civil Disobedience Movement.
★ Led to Gandhi’s participation in the Second Round Table Conference.

➤ Date & Place: May 10, 1857, started in Meerut Cantonment.
➤ Immediate Cause:
 ✧ Introduction of the Enfield Rifle, whose cartridges were rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat.
 ✧ Indian soldiers (sepoys) refused to use them, leading to their court-martial and imprisonment.
➤ Key Events:
 ✧ Sepoys in Meerut revolted, freed prisoners, and marched to Delhi.
 ✧ Proclaimed Bahadur Shah II as the leader of the rebellion.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ The revolt spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and other regions.
 ✧ Marked the first major armed resistance against British rule.

★ Revolt of 1857 began in Meerut on May 10, 1857.
★ Trigger: Introduction of greased cartridges.
★ Led to widespread uprising across North India.

➤ Location: Champaran, Bihar (1917) – Gandhi’s first Satyagraha in India.
➤ Issue:
 ✧ Farmers were forced to grow Indigo under the Tinkathia System.
 ✧ British planters exploited them and paid unfair compensation.
➤ Key Person: Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to lead the movement.
➤ Result:
 ✧ Tinkathia System was abolished.
 ✧ Farmers got relief from forced indigo cultivation.
➤ Impact: Marked Gandhi’s rise as a national leader.

★ Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Gandhi’s first in India.
★ Abolished forced indigo cultivation.
★ Established Satyagraha as a powerful tool of resistance.

➤ Opponents: Humayun vs. Sher Shah Suri.
➤ Date & Place: June 26, 1539, fought near Chausa (Bihar).
➤ Reason:
 ✧ Sher Shah Suri challenged Mughal rule in North India.
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ Sher Shah Suri decisively defeated Humayun.
 ✧ Humayun escaped by crossing the Ganges on a makeshift raft.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Strengthened Sher Shah Suri, who later captured Delhi (1540) after the Battle of Kannauj.
 ✧ Humayun went into exile in Persia for nearly 15 years.

★ Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa (1539).
★ Humayun fled, losing control over North India.
★ Sher Shah Suri later established the Suri Dynasty (1540-1555).

➤ Introduced by: British government in March 1919.
➤ Official Name: Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919.
➤ Key Provisions:
 ✧ Allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
 ✧ Restricted freedom of speech and press.
 ✧ No appeal, vakil (lawyer), or daleel (evidence) in trials.
➤ Opposition:
 ✧ Mahatma Gandhi launched Rowlatt Satyagraha (April 6, 1919).
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Led to Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
 ✧ Increased anti-British sentiment in India.

★ Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed detention without trial.
★ Gandhi launched Rowlatt Satyagraha against it.
★ Led to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

➤ Viceroy of India: Lord Irwin (1926-1931).
➤ Event: Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) started on March 12, 1930.
➤ Reason: Protest against the British salt monopoly under the Civil Disobedience Movement.
➤ Key Details:
 ✧ Gandhi & 78 followers marched 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
 ✧ On April 6, 1930, Gandhi broke the salt law by making salt.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Sparked mass civil disobedience across India.
 ✧ British arrested over 60,000 protesters, including Gandhi.
 ✧ Led to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931).

★ Lord Irwin was the Viceroy during the Dandi March.
★ Gandhi led a 240-mile march to break the salt law.
★ It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

➤ Pallava King: Narasimhavarman I (630–668 CE), also known as Mamalla.
➤ Battle: Defeated Pulakesin II (Chalukya ruler) in Battle of Vatapi (642 CE).
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ Captured Vatapi (Badami), the Chalukya capital.
 ✧ Took the title “Vatapikonda” (Conqueror of Vatapi).
➤ Other Achievements:
 ✧ Patronized Mahabalipuram rock-cut temples.
 ✧ Sent an expedition to Sri Lanka to reinstate a friendly ruler.

★ Narasimhavarman I defeated Chalukyas & captured Vatapi (642 CE).
★ Took the title “Vatapikonda”.
★ Built Mahabalipuram rock-cut temples.

➤ Governor-General: Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835).
➤ Social Reformer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the campaign against Sati Pratha.
➤ Reason:
 ✧ Sati was the practice where widows were forced to self-immolate on their husband’s pyre.
➤ Law Passed: Bengal Sati Regulation Act, 1829
 ✧ Declared Sati illegal and punishable.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Marked the first major social reform under British rule.
 ✧ Encouraged further reforms like widow remarriage & women’s rights.

★ Lord William Bentinck abolished Sati in 1829.
★ Raja Ram Mohan Roy played a key role in the movement.
★ First major legal reform in British India.