➤ The Godavari does not contribute to the formation of the northern plain of the Indian subcontinent.
➤ The northern plains are primarily formed by the Brahmaputra, Indus, and Ganga river systems along with their tributaries.
➤ These rivers originate in the Himalayas and create vast alluvial plains that support agriculture in regions like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
➤ The Godavari, on the other hand, flows in the southern part of India and does not contribute to the northern plains.

★ Northern plains → Formed by the Brahmaputra, Indus, and Ganga river systems.
★ Godavari → Flows in the southern part of India, not part of the northern plains.

➤ The details about Sudarshana Lake are recorded in a rock inscription at Girnar (Junagarh), which was composed to record the achievements of the Shaka ruler Rudradaman I.
➤ The inscription highlights the restoration of the Sudarshana Lake, a significant irrigation project, which was originally constructed by Chandragupta Maurya and later renovated by Rudradaman I.
➤ Rudradaman I is known for his contributions to architecture and public works during the Western Kshatrapas rule in India.

★ Rudradaman I → Recorded in the Girnar inscription for the restoration of Sudarshana Lake.
★ Sudarshana Lake → Significant irrigation project restored by Rudradaman I.

➤ The Deccan lava plateau is very fertile because it is rich in black soil (also known as regur soil), which is highly suitable for farming.
➤ The black soil found in the Deccan plateau is rich in minerals, especially lime, iron, magnesia, and alumina, making it ideal for growing crops like cotton, groundnut, and soybean.
➤ The plateau is formed from volcanic lava flows, and the presence of black soil supports agricultural activities in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.

★ Deccan lava plateau → Rich in black soil, highly fertile for farming.
★ Black soil → Ideal for crops like cotton, groundnut, and soybean.

➤ Tendu leaves are used to make bidis.
➤ Bidis are traditional Indian hand-rolled cigarettes, and tendu leaves are the most commonly used wrapper for these.
➤ The tendu tree (also known as Diospyros lotus) is found mainly in the forests of central and eastern India.
➤ The leaves of the tendu tree are soft, pliable, and ideal for rolling the tobacco mixture in bidis.

★ Tendu leaves → Used as the wrapper for making bidis.
★ Bidi-making → Common in central and eastern India, where tendu leaves are abundant.

➤ The hot wind ‘Loo’ blows in the North and Northwestern parts of India.
➤ Loo is a hot, dry wind that typically blows during the summer months, particularly in states like Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Delhi.
➤ This wind can raise temperatures significantly, often leading to heatwaves and extreme heat conditions in the region.

★ Loo → A hot, dry wind that blows in North and Northwestern India.
★ Summer heat → Common in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi.

➤ The Godavari river is an east-flowing river.
➤ It originates from the Western Ghats in Maharashtra and flows towards the eastern coast of India, emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
➤ The Godavari is the second-longest river in India and is crucial for irrigation, agriculture, and water supply in several states, including Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha.

★ Godavari river → East-flowing river that empties into the Bay of Bengal.
★ River origin → Originates from the Western Ghats in Maharashtra.

➤ The Mahi and Sabarmati rivers are west-flowing rivers.
➤ The Mahi River originates in Madhya Pradesh, and the Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan. Both of these rivers flow towards the western coast of India.
➤ The Mahi River empties into the Arabian Sea, and the Sabarmati River flows through Gujarat, ultimately draining into the Gulf of Khambhat.

★ West-flowing rivers → Mahi and Sabarmati rivers flow towards the Arabian Sea.
★ Mahi and Sabarmati → Originating from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, respectively.

➤ The interior of the Earth is NOT a major climate control of a place.
➤ The major climate controls of a place include altitude, latitude, and ocean currents.
➤ Altitude affects the temperature and precipitation patterns, with higher altitudes generally experiencing cooler temperatures.
➤ Latitude determines the amount of solar radiation a region receives, influencing the climate, with areas closer to the equator being warmer.
➤ Ocean currents have a significant impact on coastal climates, influencing temperature and rainfall patterns.

★ Interior of the Earth → Not a major climate control factor.
★ Climate controls → Altitude, Latitude, and Ocean currents play key roles in shaping climate.

➤ The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) aims to achieve the following goals:

1. Make agriculture more productive by promoting efficient use of resources like water, soil, and energy.

2. Make agriculture more sustainable by adopting eco-friendly practices that improve long-term agricultural productivity without depleting natural resources.

3. Promote organic farming by encouraging the use of organic inputs and reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

➤ NMSA focuses on improving productivity, sustainability, and the promotion of organic farming practices.

★ NMSA objectives → Focuses on improving productivity, sustainability, and organic farming.
★ Sustainable agriculture → Aims for long-term productivity without harming the environment.

➤ Madhya Pradesh is the biggest producer of pulses in India.
➤ The state is known for its large-scale production of pulses, especially gram (chickpeas), moong, and tuar.
➤ Madhya Pradesh contributes significantly to India’s total pulse production, thanks to its favorable climate and soil conditions for pulse cultivation.

★ Madhya Pradesh → Biggest producer of pulses in India.
★ Major pulses → Includes gram, moong, and tuar.

➤ The tropical cyclones in Australia are known as willy-willies.
➤ While the term willy-willy is commonly used in Australia, it refers to a smaller, localized phenomenon like a dust devil or whirlwind, but tropical cyclones are generally referred to as cyclones in the region.
➤ However, in other parts of the world, tropical cyclones are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Pacific.

★ Willy-willies → The term for tropical cyclones in Australia.
★ Cyclones → Generally used to describe the same phenomenon globally, but known by different names in different regions.

➤ Kharif crops are typically sown at the beginning of the monsoon season (around June) and harvested at the end of the monsoon season (around September-November).
➤ Wheat, on the other hand, is a rabi crop, which is sown in the winter season (around October-November) and harvested in the spring (around March-April).
➤ Paddy, soybean, and cotton are all kharif crops.

★ Wheat → Rabi crop, not a kharif crop.
★ Kharif crops → Include paddy, soybean, and cotton.

➤ Mawsynram, which receives the highest rainfall in the world, is located in the Khasi hills of Meghalaya.
➤ The region’s heavy rainfall is due to the monsoon winds that bring moisture from the Bay of Bengal, which is lifted by the Khasi Hills, resulting in continuous precipitation.
➤ The place is famous for its unique climate and is a major tourist destination in Meghalaya.

★ Mawsynram → Receives the highest rainfall in the world, located in the Khasi hills.
★ Khasi hills → Part of the Meghalaya region, experiencing extreme rainfall.

➤ The Gandak river is a tributary of the Ganga river.
➤ The Gandak originates from the Nepal Himalayas and flows through Bihar before joining the Ganga river near Patna.
➤ The river plays a vital role in irrigation and provides water to many regions along its path.

★ Gandak river → A tributary of the Ganga river.
★ Origin → The river originates in Nepal and flows through Bihar before joining the Ganga.

➤ The colloquial term to describe the occurrence of pre-monsoon rains in parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu is Mango showers.
➤ These rains typically occur between March and May and are crucial for the mango crop as they help in the early ripening of mangoes, hence the name.
➤ Mango showers are usually short, intermittent showers that are characteristic of the pre-monsoon period in southern India.

★ Mango showers → Pre-monsoon rains in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
★ Mango crop → The rains help in the early ripening of mangoes.

➤ The Sabarmati river falls into the Arabian Sea.
➤ It originates from the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan and flows through Gujarat before emptying into the Arabian Sea near Gandhinagar.
➤ While other rivers like the Krishna and Godavari flow into the Bay of Bengal, the Sabarmati is one of the rivers of Peninsular India that flows westward into the Arabian Sea.

★ Sabarmati river → Flows into the Arabian Sea.
★ Origin → Starts from the Aravalli Range and flows through Gujarat.

➤ Kund or Tanka is used for water harvesting in the state of Rajasthan.
➤ These traditional water harvesting systems are common in the desert regions of Rajasthan, where rainfall is scarce.
➤ Kund or Tanka are essentially underground water storage systems that collect rainwater, which is then used during dry periods.

★ Kund/Tanka → Traditional water harvesting system in Rajasthan.
★ Purpose → Collects rainwater for use during dry periods.

➤ Sundari trees are found in mangrove forests in India.
➤ These trees are the most dominant species in the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, which is located in the delta region of the Ganges in West Bengal.
➤ Sundari trees are well-adapted to the saline and tidal conditions of mangrove forests and play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance.

★ Sundari trees → Found in mangrove forests of Sundarbans.
★ Mangrove forests → Found in delta regions, especially in West Bengal.

➤ The climate of a place is NOT affected by the type of soil.
➤ Climate is primarily influenced by factors like relief (mountains, valleys), location (latitude and longitude), and distance from the sea.
➤ The type of soil may affect vegetation, agriculture, and other environmental factors, but it does not significantly impact the overall climate of a place.

★ Soil type → Does not directly affect the climate of a place.
★ Climate factors → Relief, location, and distance from the sea are key climate influencers.

➤ The majority of India’s international trade is carried out through sea and air routes.
➤ Sea routes are the most important for transporting goods to and from India, with major ports like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata handling large volumes of trade.
➤ Air routes are used for high-value and time-sensitive goods, with airports like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru serving as major international cargo hubs.

★ Sea and air → The primary routes for international trade in India.
★ Sea ports → Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata handle most of the trade.

➤ Chennai Port is an example of an eastern coast port.
➤ Located on the eastern coast of India along the Bay of Bengal, Chennai Port is one of the major seaports in India, handling both cargo and passenger traffic.
➤ Other eastern coast ports include Kolkata and Visakhapatnam.

★ Chennai Port → Located on the eastern coast of India.
★ Bay of Bengal → Chennai Port is situated along its coastline.

➤ Bhutan shares borders with Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal in India, but it does not have a border with Meghalaya.
➤ The states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal are directly connected to Bhutan, but Meghalaya is not part of the border region.

★ Meghalaya and Bhutan → Do not share a border.
★ Bhutan shares borders with Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal.

➤ The two basic categories of an ecosystem are terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
➤ Terrestrial ecosystems include land-based ecosystems like forests, deserts, and grasslands, while aquatic ecosystems include freshwater and marine ecosystems such as lakes, rivers, and oceans.
➤ Both types of ecosystems are interconnected and play vital roles in supporting life on Earth.

★ Terrestrial and aquatic → The two basic categories of an ecosystem.
★ Forests, deserts, grasslands → Examples of terrestrial ecosystems.
★ Lakes, rivers, oceans → Examples of aquatic ecosystems.

➤ Chota Nagpur region is an example of a major industrial region in India.
➤ This region, located in Jharkhand, Bihar, and parts of West Bengal, is rich in minerals and has a strong industrial base, especially in steel, coal, and heavy engineering industries.
➤ Key industrial cities in this region include Jamshedpur, known for its Tata Steel plant, and Dhanbad, a major coal mining hub.

★ Chota Nagpur region → A major industrial region of India, rich in minerals.
★ Steel and coal industries → Prominent in the Chota Nagpur industrial belt.

➤ The Amazon basin is the world’s largest drainage basin, covering an area of about 7,000,000 km².
➤ The Amazon River and its tributaries drain a significant portion of the South American continent, flowing primarily through Brazil and parts of Peru, Colombia, and other countries.
➤ This basin is known for its vast rainforests, which contribute to the planet’s biodiversity and climate regulation.

★ Amazon basin → The largest drainage basin in the world, covering around 7,000,000 km².
★ South America → The Amazon basin is primarily located in Brazil and parts of neighboring countries.