➤ Agriculture in India is dependent on monsoon and seasonal crop cycles, causing unemployment during off-seasons.
➤ Rural laborers often remain jobless when there is no sowing or harvesting activity.
★ Seasonal unemployment is most common in the agricultural sector in India.

➤ The Green Revolution refers to the introduction of HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation techniques in agriculture to boost food grain production.
➤ It particularly improved the yield of wheat and rice during the 1960s and 70s.
★ Led to agricultural self-sufficiency and mainly benefited Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP.

➤ According to Census 2001, the main reason for male migration in India was work and employment opportunities.
➤ In contrast, for women, it was marriage.
★ Employment migration is mostly rural to urban in search of better job options.

➤ Overpopulation increases the number of job seekers beyond the available employment opportunities, especially in developing countries like India.
★ It leads to disguised and seasonal unemployment in rural areas and underemployment in urban areas.

➤ BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) is a government-owned PSU under the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
➤ It is a major engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India.
★ Reliance, Tata, and Adani are all private sector companies.

➤ Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are employed only during peak seasons, such as tourism in mountains, and jobless during the off-season.
★ Found in agriculture and seasonal industries like tourism.

➤ A deficit budget means the government’s total expenditure is more than its total revenue, excluding borrowings.
★ It indicates fiscal imbalance and may require borrowing or reducing expenses.

➤ Punjab was the biggest beneficiary of the Green Revolution due to its suitable irrigation, government support, and large landholdings.
➤ It saw a significant increase in wheat and rice production.
★ Punjab became known as the “granary of India”.

➤ The MSMED Act, 2006 was enacted to promote, develop, and enhance competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in India.
➤ It provides policy framework, incentives, and support.
★ MSMEs are crucial for employment generation and GDP contribution.

➤ In the barter system, goods and services are directly exchanged without using money as a medium.
➤ It was the earliest form of trade used before the invention of money.
★ Barter exchange is moneyless trade, common in ancient economies.

➤ Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive farming under the Green Revolution led to soil degradation and reduced soil fertility.
➤ Monoculture also harmed long-term soil health.
★ Soil degradation is a key concern linked to Green Revolution practices.

➤ BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) is a government-owned PSU involved in power generation equipment.
➤ It is part of India’s public sector and supports infrastructure development.
★ BHEL is a Navratna PSU under Ministry of Heavy Industries.

➤ The Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61) was based on the Mahalanobis model, which emphasized heavy industries and capital goods, not the Keynesian model.
➤ It reflected socialist ideals of state-led development.
★ Keynesian economics focuses on demand-side and short-term policies, unlike the industrial-focused Mahalanobis model.

➤ The government issued a special postal stamp titled “Wheat Revolution” to honor the success of the Green Revolution in increasing food grain production.
★ The stamp recognized the contributions of M.S. Swaminathan and others in transforming Indian agriculture.

➤ The Mahalanobis model, developed by P.C. Mahalanobis, focused on building a strong industrial base and was adopted during the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61).
★ It emphasized heavy industries to promote long-term economic growth.

➤ At independence, lack of capital was a major hurdle in industrial development.
➤ There was a scarcity of both public and private investment, limiting the establishment of industries.
★ India had to rely on state investment and planning to kick-start industrialization.

➤ Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are small, informal groups that promote savings, microcredit, and income generation, especially among rural women.
➤ They empower women economically and socially.
★ SHGs are often supported by NABARD and form the base of microfinance in India.

➤ The First Five-Year Plan (1951–56) was based on the Harrod-Domar model, which emphasized investment and capital-output ratio to achieve growth.
★ Focus was on agriculture, irrigation, and price stability in post-independence India.

➤ Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched in 2014 to ensure universal access to banking facilities like savings accounts, credit, insurance, and pension.
➤ It especially targets low-income groups.
★ It is the world’s largest financial inclusion program.

➤ As per Census 2011, Delhi had the highest number of people living in slums among Union Territories.
➤ This is due to its high population density, rapid urbanisation, and large number of migrants from rural areas.
★ Delhi accounted for a significant percentage of slum dwellers in urban India among UTs.

➤ As per Census 2011, Delhi, Chandigarh, and Puducherry had the highest population densities among all Union Territories.
➤ Delhi led with a density of over 11,000 persons per sq km.
★ These UTs are highly urbanised and have limited area with high population pressure.

➤ Nepal has the second-highest Hindu population after India, where Hinduism is the majority religion.
➤ Over 80% of Nepal’s population follows Hinduism.
★ Nepal was officially a Hindu Kingdom until 2008 and still has strong cultural Hindu roots.

➤ Five-Year Plans in India were designed as long-term government interventions to regulate and develop the economy in various sectors.
➤ They followed centralised planning with sectoral targets.
★ The plans aimed at socialist-inspired development, especially in the early decades.

➤ Fees, fines, penalties, interest on loans, and dividends from public sector enterprises are non-tax revenues.
➤ These are not collected through taxation but from services rendered or penalties imposed.
★ Non-tax revenue helps fund the government without increasing tax burden on citizens.

➤ Make in India, launched in 2014, aims to boost the manufacturing sector, attract FDI, and make India a global manufacturing hub.
★ Focus sectors include automobiles, electronics, chemicals, and textiles.