➤ When the catalyst or surface is saturated, the reaction proceeds at a constant rate, independent of reactant concentration, making it a zero order reaction.
★ Zero-order reactions occur when the rate is unaffected by the concentration of reactants.

➤ Exfoliation is a type of physical weathering where rock layers peel off due to temperature changes.
★ This process is caused by the expansion and contraction of rocks due to heat, leading to the surface layers breaking off.

➤ Grignard reagents are formed when haloalkanes and aryl halides react with magnesium metal.
★ These reagents are key in forming carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis.

➤ Antoine Lavoisier debunked the phlogiston theory and developed the modern understanding of combustion as a reaction with oxygen.
★ His work laid the foundation for modern chemistry, particularly the concept of chemical reactions and the law of conservation of mass.

➤ The decomposition of ammonia on a hot platinum surface at high pressure is a zero-order reaction, meaning the rate is independent of the concentration of ammonia.
★ In zero-order reactions, the rate is governed by the surface area of the catalyst rather than reactant concentration.

➤ The IUPAC name for tertiary butyl alcohol is 2-Methylpropan-2-ol, as it contains a methyl group at the second position of a propan-2-ol backbone.
★ This name follows the standard IUPAC nomenclature for alcohols.

➤ The correct order of basicity for hydroxides is $\text{CsOH} > \text{KOH} > \text{NaOH} > \text{LiOH}$, as the basicity increases with the size of the cation.
★ The larger the cation, the more readily the hydroxide ion (OH⁻) is released, increasing basicity.

➤ $\text{Pd/BaSO}_4$ is known as the Rosenmund catalyst, used in the selective reduction of acyl chlorides to aldehydes.
★ This catalyst is employed in the Rosenmund reduction reaction to reduce acid chlorides.

➤ The decomposition of calcium carbonate is not a redox reaction. It is a simple thermal decomposition that produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
★ Redox reactions involve changes in oxidation states, which is not the case in calcium carbonate decomposition.

➤ The Sandmeyer reaction is used to convert aryl diazonium salts into aryl halides using copper(I) halide as the catalyst.
★ This reaction is important in the synthesis of aryl halides.

➤ The peroxide effect (also known as the Kharasch effect) was discovered by Morris S. Kharasch and Frank R. Mayo in 1933 during studies on the addition of HBr to alkenes.
★ This effect explains the anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr in the presence of peroxides to unsaturated compounds.

➤ John Newlands proposed the Law of Octaves, arranging elements by musical notes. He placed Cobalt (Co) and Nickel (Ni) under the note Do, with halogens, despite their different properties.
★ This misplacement was one of the criticisms of Newlands’ Law of Octaves, which led to the later success of Mendeleev’s periodic table.