➤ Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, affecting throat and upper respiratory tract.
★ Preventable by DPT vaccine.

➤ Kingdom Monera includes prokaryotic organisms like bacteria that lack a nucleus and organelles.
★ It is the oldest known group of organisms.

➤ Peroxisomes are involved in oxidation reactions, producing and breaking down hydrogen peroxide.
★ Help in detoxification and lipid metabolism.

➤ Carolus Linnaeus published Systema Naturae, introducing binomial nomenclature and a classification system.
★ Known as the Father of Taxonomy.

➤ Hydra belongs to Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria), not Porifera, which includes sponges like Sycon, Spongilla, and Euplectella.
★ Porifera are simple aquatic animals with pores and no true tissues.

➤ Turtles are part of Class Reptilia, which includes cold-blooded, scaly vertebrates that lay eggs on land.
★ Other reptiles include snakes, lizards, and crocodiles.

➤ Monocot leaves have parallel venation, where veins run parallel, making vascular bundles uniform in size.
★ Examples of monocots: grasses, maize, banana.

➤ The Salk vaccine is an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk in 1952.
★ It contains killed poliovirus and is given by injection.

➤ Betanin is a pigment belonging to the betalain group, giving beetroot its red color.
★ It is water-soluble and used as a natural food dye.

➤ Cheilosis is a symptom of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency, causing inflammation at the mouth corners.
★ Also known as angular stomatitis, commonly seen in malnutrition.

➤ PPLO (Mycoplasma) are the smallest living cells, with a size of about 0.1 µm, and lack a cell wall.
★ PPLO are pathogenic and known for causing pleuropneumonia in cattle.

➤ Lysine helps in calcium absorption and is essential for collagen synthesis, which maintains connective tissue strength.
★ It is an essential amino acid and must be taken through diet.

➤ Neem leaves show pinnate venation, where leaflets are arranged on either side of a central axis.
★ Pinnate leaves are common in dicot plants like neem and rose.

➤ Euplectella (a sponge) shows cellular grade of organisation, not tissue-organ, which is found in organisms like flatworms.
★ Sponges lack true tissues and organs.

➤ Ecological efficiency is the ratio of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next, usually about 10%.
★ It explains why food chains rarely have more than 4–5 trophic levels.

➤ Fishes have a 2-chambered heart: one atrium and one ventricle, suitable for single circulation of blood.
★ This is a key feature of Pisces in vertebrates.

➤ Butterfly belongs to Arthropoda, the largest animal phylum with jointed legs and exoskeleton.
★ Arthropods include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.

➤ Bacteria are prokaryotic, meaning they lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
★ Prokaryotes include only Bacteria and Archaea.

➤ Monoecious flowers have both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive organs.
★ Examples include maize and cucumber.

➤ All birds (Aves) are oviparous (lay eggs), none give birth to live young.
★ Warm-blooded and have four-chambered hearts like mammals.

➤ Tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw because it causes severe muscle stiffness, especially in the jaw.
★ Caused by Clostridium tetani, a neurotoxin-producing bacteria.

➤ The Five Fs (Flies, Fingers, Fomites, Food, Fluid) are pathways of indirect disease transmission.
★ Important in public health and infection prevention.

➤ Red algae reproduce asexually by fragmentation, where broken parts grow into new individuals.
★ Found in marine environments and used for agar production.

➤ Hyponatremia is a condition with low sodium in the blood, causing nausea, headache, and confusion.
★ Sodium regulates nerve and muscle function.

➤ The term habit refers to the growth form of a plant, including its size, shape, and orientation.
★ It helps describe whether a plant is herbaceous, woody, or has other growth characteristics.