A. The outcome is much more likely to be favourable if there is substantial international aid than if there is not.
B. Many of the underdeveloped countries will promote the growth of their economies in one way or the other, no matter whether they receive substantial outside aid in the process or not.
C. By substantial aid I mean not only large amounts of technical assistance but also of capital.
D. The character of that development, however, is likely to be strongly influenced by the types of and amounts of aid available.

A. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither.
B. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches.
C. The tree had grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house.
D. Last summer, I spent many days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree.

A. Through a subtle analysis, Woolf raises certain concerns regarding discrimination against women in a male-dominated society.
B. It’s also against the need for freedom of expression in women, and the right to human dignity and equality.
C. In ‘Shakespeare’s Sister’, Virginia Woolf explores the plight of women in society in England during the 15th and 16th centuries.
D. It is against the denial of education to the girl-child and violence against women.

A. But she has no idea an aunt and uncle are waiting for her.
B.‘The Strange Child’ is the story of a young girl who believes she is the only one on the planet.
C. Her parents simply vanished into thin air one day.
D. She travels the world in search of Nevada because she aspires to reside in the Mojave Desert.

A. But the question that perturbs Ruskin’s mind is what social pressure can be exercised against a dishonest person.
B. The merchant, for instance, must supply perfect and pure things to the people.
C. Ruskin believes that in every civilised society there exist five intellectual professions, namely the soldier, the pastor, the physician, the lawyer and the merchant.
D. Persons belonging to these professions are expected to perform their duty honestly.

A. It’s because the ‘practical people’ in society boast of having a practical approach to life.
B. It is very likely for youngsters to seek advice from their elders.
C. Emphasising upon the times that prevailed, the youth very much get their queries answered systematically.
D. In the similar context even the elders are, in most likelihood, expected to give their advice as a word of guidance.

A. We often make all things around us the way we want them.
B. Even during our pilgrimages, we have begun to look for whatever makes our heart happy, gives comfort to our body and peace to the mind.
C. Our mind is resourceful enough to find shortcuts in simple and easy ways.
D. It is as if external solutions will fulfil our needs, and we do not want to make any special efforts even in our spiritual search.

A. He repeated the experiment, increasing the amount until he had weighed up to a thousand pounds.
B. During the spring of 1717, the iron foundries in a remote district were often visited by a thin, middle-aged man with a notebook.
C. Three cauldrons were next prepared under his directions.
D. He would weigh out two pounds of iron, have them heated till they were red-hot and then weigh them again.

A. In Bihar and Central India, in particular, every district had smelters that used local deposits of ore to produce iron which was widely used for the manufacture of implements and tools of daily use.
B. The smelting was done by men while women worked on the bellows, pumping air that kept the charcoal burning.
C. But iron smelting in India was extremely common till the end of the nineteenth century.
D. Production of Wootz steel required a highly specialised technique of refining iron.

A. The top band is made of saffron, which symbolises power and courage.
B. The constituent assembly adopted our national flag, Tiranga, which means tricolour, on 22 July 1947.
C. As a symbol of nationalism and freedom, it is fashioned from khadi, which is domestically spun Indian cotton.
D. It features three horizontal stripes that are all the same width.

A. According to Homer, Achilles was brought up by his mother at Phthia with his inseparable companion Patroclus.
B. Achilles was the bravest, handsomest and greatest warrior of the army of Agamemnon in the Trojan War.
C. Later non-Homeric tales suggest that Patroclus was Achilles’ kinsman or lover.
D. Achilles, in Greek mythology, is the son of the mortal Peleus, king of the Myrmidons, and the Nereid Thetis.

A. “Well, you can’t make me”, she said, looking back at me.
B. She went on, “Well, you might try”, I responded, and she laughed.
C. She came in and we said hello, then she just looked at me and said, “What do you want?” McKechnie remembered.
D. “Well, I want you to grin and seem pleased”, I added.

A. After examining these three approaches carefully I crossed the bridge and examined the Kedarnath pilgrim road for half a mile.
B. There were three approaches to the bridge; one from the north, one from the south and between these two a well-beaten footpath from the Rudraprayag bazaar.
C. Satisfied that the leopard had not crossed the river, I determined to put in operation my plan for closing the two bridges at night and thus confining the leopard to my side of the river.
D. Next, I examined the footpath on which three nights previously my goat had been killed.

A. Many countries throughout the world have achieved full digitalisation.
B. Initially, the entire world transitioned to digitalisation.
C. This type of internet is known as a metaverse.
D. This existing kind of internet technology, which gives us access to various aspects, is about to change into a better and newer version.
E. The Metaverse is an intriguing technology that has been described as the ‘newer version of the internet’.

A. After a few months, the two countries engaged in the Kargil war.
B. Furthermore, a number of violent wars were fought between India and Pakistan.
C. In February 1999, during the winter invasion, India and Pakistan signed the Lahore Declaration, which was predicated on peace.
D. The engagements were extremely challenging for the Indian army since they had to fight on rough rocky terrain.

A. But, while the court’s action solved one problem, it created another and because of the closure, many workers lost their jobs.
B. For instance, the courts directed industries in residential areas in Delhi to close down or shift out of the city.
C. In recent years, while the courts have come out with strong orders on environmental issues, these have sometimes affected people’s livelihoods adversely.
D. Several of these industries were polluting the neighbourhood and discharge from these industries were polluting the river Yamuna because they had been set up without following the rules.

A. The shopman was very interested in selling this creamy box to her as he would gain a big margin.
B. The man on the counter showed her ‘an exquisite little enamel box’ with a very fine glaze as if baked in cream.
C. As the box was too expensive, priced twenty-eight guineas, she asked the shopkeeper to keep it for her.
D. She went inside a little antique shop in Curzon Street. This was the usual shop where the shopkeeper was ridiculously fond of serving her.

Sentences of a paragraph are given below. While the first and the last sentences (S1 and S6) are in the correct order, the sentences in between are jumbled up and named P, Q, R, S. Arrange the sentences in the correct order to form a meaningful and coherent paragraph.

(S1) Today, the world has become a much smaller place, thanks to the adventures and miracles of science.
(P) We are slowly realising that the world is a single cooperative group.
(Q) Other religions have become forces with which we have to reckon, and we are seeking for ways and means by which we can live together in peace and harmony.
(R) Mingling of population is bringing about interchange of thought.
(S) Foreign nations have become our next-door neighbours.
(S6) We cannot have religious unity and peace so long as we assert that we are in possession of the light and all others are groping in the darkness.

A. Graphology tells them about the candidates’ temperaments, highlighting both, weaknesses and strengths.
B. Many companies use it for executive recruitment and analysis.
C. Despite public scepticism, graphology plays a covert role in British management.
D. Modern graphology began early in the 19th century when French churchman Jean Hippolyte Michon created the first graphological ‘catalogue’.

A. Quipu, a type of knotted rope employed by the Incas of South America, served as a memory aid.
B. Different colours were used to dye the strings.
C. Yellow represented money while red stood for battle or warriors.
D. Do you realise that five yellow knots represented five gold coins?

A. Mendel’s simple ‘Laws of heredity’ came to be widely known and were uncritically assumed to apply to all human characteristics.
B. With Charles Darwin’s popularisation of the concept of evolution, man became interested in his biological origins and affiliations.
C. Starting with the work on heredity of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s and the recognition of its significance in 1900, interest shifted to the problem of man’s ontogenetic origins.
D. This interest was centred on man’s phylogenetic origins.

A. Symptoms like nervousness, increased heart rate and feeling weak are some of the starting signs of anxiety.
B. Whereas anxiety attacks, sweating, trembling and having a feeling of impending danger might suggest advanced anxiety levels.
C. Most people don’t even realise they have anxiety or take corrective measures until it amplifies and gets out of control.
D. Anxiety is a sad reality of today’s time that has plagued a number of us in a variety of different ways.

A. So the problems of India should not be viewed as the failure of this great nation.
B. The uniqueness of this nation lies in its unity in diversity due to which there are problems here and there at times.
C. India, a very large country with many religions, many mini-cultures and many languages, has been achieving success in all fields.
D. But even small countries with monolithic societies have more problems than this second largest country.

A. The olive tree grows slowly yet lives a long time.
B. The normal lifespan of an olive tree is 300-400 years, but olive trees as ancient as 3000 years have been discovered.
C. The olive is a well-known Mediterranean-native evergreen tree whose fruit and oil are used in cuisine and cooking.
D. As a result, the olive tree is known as the ‘immortal tree’ in mythology and botany.

A. But at the same time, this is also true that when one reads a few works of the same genre, one naturally comes to know a rough structure of that genre.
B. The essence of suspense is whether the reader will be able to gauge the criminal before the detective tells who he is.
C. This leads to a different kind of approach to understanding literature in general and detective fiction in particular.
D. It is found that when one knows a genre and its structure and rules, it may often not make us enjoy a piece of literary work in the same manner as one usually does.