➤ Indian Constitution Enforcement Date – The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950, which is celebrated every year as Republic Day.
⇒ Although the Constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949, it came into full effect on 26th January 1950.
⇒ The date 26 January was specifically chosen to honor the declaration of “Purna Swaraj” (complete independence) passed by the Indian National Congress in 1930.

➤ The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A to the Indian Constitution.
➤ It made free and compulsory education a Fundamental Right for children.
➤ The age group specified under this amendment is 6 to 14 years.
➤ This amendment came into force on 1st April 2010 with the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE Act), 2009.

★ Article 21A was inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.
★ Right to Education (RTE) became a Fundamental Right under Part III.
★ The RTE Act applies to children aged 6–14 years.
★ The 86th Amendment also made changes to Article 45 (DPSP) and Article 51A(k) (Fundamental Duties of parents/guardians).

➤ The Right to Constitutional Remedies is provided under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution.
➤ This right empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
➤ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described Article 32 as the ‘Soul of the Constitution’ because it gives life to all other fundamental rights.
➤ He emphasized that without this right, all other rights would be meaningless.

★ Article 32 is known as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution.
★ Dr. B.R. Ambedkar gave this description in the Constituent Assembly.
★ It allows citizens to directly approach the Supreme Court for the protection of their rights.
★ Article 32 includes the power to issue writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo-Warranto.

➤ The Right to Property was originally a Fundamental Right under Article 31 of the Indian Constitution.
➤ It was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978.
➤ After this amendment, it was made a legal right under Article 300A in Part XII of the Constitution.
➤ Now, the Right to Property is not enforceable under Article 32 and cannot be claimed as a Fundamental Right.

★ Right to Property was deleted from Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978.
★ It is now a legal right under Article 300A.
★ It is no longer protected under Part III (Fundamental Rights).

➤ Articles 5 to 11 of the Indian Constitution deal with the provisions related to Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
➤ These articles are included under Part II of the Constitution.
➤ They cover topics like citizenship by domicile (Art 5), migration from Pakistan (Art 6-7), overseas citizenship (Art 8), and continuance of existing laws (Art 11).
➤ These provisions were applicable at the time of commencement of the Constitution (26th January 1950).

★ Part II (Articles 5–11) of the Constitution deals with Citizenship.
★ Article 11 empowers Parliament to make laws related to citizenship.
★ Citizenship Act was enacted in 1955 under this provision.

➤ The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act was passed in the year 1976 during the Emergency period under the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi.
➤ It is also known as the “Mini Constitution” due to its wide-ranging changes.
➤ This amendment made major changes to the Preamble, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles, and the relationship between the judiciary and the legislature.
➤ It inserted the words “Socialist”, “Secular” and “Integrity” in the Preamble of the Constitution.

★ The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 is called the Mini Constitution.
★ It added Article 51A (Fundamental Duties).
★ It was enacted during the Emergency (1975–77).
★ It brought significant changes to Part III and Part IV of the Constitution.

➤ On 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect, and India officially became a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic.
➤ The words “Socialist” and “Secular” were added later in 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment.
➤ This date is celebrated as Republic Day every year to honor the implementation of the Constitution.

★ On 26 January 1950, India became a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic.
★ “Socialist” and “Secular” were added in the 42nd Amendment, 1976.
★ Republic Day marks the adoption of the Indian Constitution.

➤ According to Article 51A(k) of the Indian Constitution, it is the Fundamental Duty of a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to their child between the ages of 6 and 14 years.
➤ By making her 12-year-old daughter work instead of sending her to school, the housemaid is violating this fundamental duty.
➤ This provision was added through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

★ Article 51A(k) makes it a Fundamental Duty to ensure education for children aged 6 to 14 years.
★ Introduced by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act.
★ Violation of this duty can hinder the Right to Education under Article 21A.

➤ The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists the official languages recognized by the Government of India.
➤ Initially, it had 14 languages, but through various amendments, the number has been increased.
➤ Currently, 22 languages are included in the Eighth Schedule.
➤ The 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali, raising the count to 22.

★ 22 languages are recognized under the Eighth Schedule.
★ 92nd Amendment Act (2003) added the last 4 languages.
★ Languages listed include Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Marathi, etc.

➤ The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
➤ This amendment was passed during the time of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
➤ The year of introduction was 1976, and these duties are listed under Article 51A in Part IV-A of the Constitution.
➤ Originally, 10 duties were included, and later one more was added by the 86th Amendment (2002), making them 11 in total.

★ 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added Fundamental Duties.
★ Listed in Article 51A, Part IV-A.
★ Total 11 Fundamental Duties (originally 10, one added in 2002).

➤ The Articles 5 to 11 of the Indian Constitution deal specifically with the concept of citizenship.
➤ These articles were included in Part II of the Constitution.
➤ They cover various aspects such as citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution, rights of citizenship for migrants from Pakistan, and provisions regarding dual citizenship.
➤ However, the Constitution empowers the Parliament to make laws regarding the acquisition and termination of citizenship.

★ Articles 5 to 11 deal with citizenship under Part II of the Constitution.
★ Only Parliament has the power to make laws related to citizenship (Article 11).
★ The Citizenship Act, 1955 was enacted under this provision.

➤ The Swaran Singh Committee was appointed by the Government of India in 1976 during the Emergency period.
➤ This committee was tasked with recommending changes to the Constitution and suggested the inclusion of Fundamental Duties.
➤ Based on its recommendations, 10 Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.
➤ These duties were incorporated under Article 51A in Part IV-A of the Constitution.

★ Swaran Singh Committee recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Duties.
★ 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added 10 Fundamental Duties under Article 51A.
★ A 11th duty was added later by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.

➤ The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 is one of the most comprehensive amendments in the Indian Constitution, often called the “Mini Constitution“.
➤ This amendment added Fundamental Duties for the first time, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.
➤ It inserted Part IV-A (Article 51A) into the Constitution, listing 10 Fundamental Duties of every citizen.
➤ These duties aim to promote patriotism, discipline, and moral values among citizens.

★ 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added Fundamental Duties under Part IV-A, Article 51A.
★ Based on the Swaran Singh Committee report.
★ Initially added 10 duties, later increased to 11 by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.

➤ Citizenship of India can be acquired through various ways like birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and incorporation of territory.
➤ Holding property is not a condition for acquiring Indian citizenship under the Citizenship Act, 1955.
➤ Descent refers to citizenship through Indian parentage.
➤ Registration is for persons of Indian origin or spouses of Indian citizens.
➤ Domicile is a key factor especially during the commencement of the Constitution and for naturalization.

★ Holding property is NOT a valid condition for Indian citizenship.
★ Valid modes of acquiring citizenship include birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and domicile.

➤ Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
➤ These duties were incorporated in a new part of the Constitution – Part IVA.
➤ This part contains Article 51A, which lists 11 Fundamental Duties for Indian citizens.
➤ The concept of Fundamental Duties was inspired by the Constitution of the former USSR.

★ 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 introduced Fundamental Duties in Part IVA under Article 51A.
★ Initially, 10 duties were added; the 11th duty was added later by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.

➤ The provisions related to Citizenship in India are mentioned in Part II of the Indian Constitution.
➤ Articles 5 to 11 under Part II specifically deal with various aspects of citizenship such as who was considered a citizen at the time of commencement of the Constitution.
➤ These provisions are transitory in nature and apply to the time of adoption of the Constitution (i.e., 26 January 1950).
➤ The power to make laws regarding citizenship after the commencement of the Constitution is given to the Parliament under Article 11.

★ Part II (Articles 5 to 11) of the Constitution deals with Citizenship.
★ Article 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship by law.

➤ The Right to Equality is enshrined in Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution.
➤ Article 15 specifically prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
➤ This ensures that all citizens are treated equally in matters of public employment, access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment.
➤ The aim is to promote social justice and equality of opportunity.

★ Article 15 under Right to Equality ensures no discrimination based on religion, caste, sex, or place of birth.
★ Right to Equality is guaranteed under Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution.

➤ Article 15 of the Indian Constitution is a part of the Right to Equality (Articles 14–18).
➤ It prohibits discrimination by the State against any citizen only on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
➤ It applies to access to public places, services, and facilities like shops, restaurants, and public roads.
➤ The Article also permits special provisions for women, children, and socially and educationally backward classes.

★ Article 15 ensures non-discrimination and promotes social justice.
★ It belongs to Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution.
★ It allows affirmative action for upliftment of weaker sections.

➤ Secularism in the Indian Constitution means the State maintains neutrality towards all religions.
➤ It ensures equal treatment of all religions by the government.
➤ The State does not promote, support, or favor any particular religion, nor does it interfere in the religious practices of individuals, as long as they do not violate public order, morality, or health.
➤ This principle is enshrined in the Preamble and reflected in various Fundamental Rights, especially Articles 25 to 28.

★ India is a secular state as declared in the Preamble (added by 42nd Amendment Act, 1976).
★ Articles 25-28 protect the Right to Freedom of Religion.
★ The government must treat all religions equally and impartially.

➤ Article 32 of the Constitution of India provides the right to constitutional remedies for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
➤ It allows individuals to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement if any of their Fundamental Rights are violated.
➤ The court can issue various writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo-Warranto under this article.

★ Article 32 is known as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution, as called by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
★ It is a Fundamental Right itself, enabling protection of all other Fundamental Rights.

➤ Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution, from Article 12 to Article 35.
➤ These rights are considered essential for the development of individuals and are legally enforceable by courts.
➤ The Constitution originally provided seven Fundamental Rights, but now only six categories remain after the Right to Property was removed in 1978.

★ Part III (Articles 12–35) covers the six Fundamental Rights.
★ These include: (1) Right to Equality, (2) Right to Freedom, (3) Right against Exploitation, (4) Right to Freedom of Religion, (5) Cultural and Educational Rights, and (6) Right to Constitutional Remedies.

➤ Writing on walls of historical monuments is considered damage or misuse of public property.
➤ The instruction not to write on such walls aligns with the Fundamental Duty to safeguard public property.
➤ This duty is enshrined under Article 51A(i) of the Indian Constitution.

★ Safeguarding public property and abjuring violence is one of the 11 Fundamental Duties listed in Part IVA (Article 51A).
★ This duty was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.

➤ The Writ of Mandamus is a type of writ issued by a court to compel a public authority to perform a legal duty.
➤ It is part of the Right to Constitutional Remedies under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution.
➤ This right empowers citizens to move the Supreme Court or High Courts for enforcement of their fundamental rights.

★ Writ of Mandamus falls under Right to Constitutional Remedies – classified under Part III, Article 32.
★ Article 32 is also called the “Heart and Soul of the Constitution” by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

➤ Article 24 of the Indian Constitution prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines, or any other hazardous occupations.
➤ Asking a 9-year-old child to work in a mine is a direct violation of Article 24.
➤ This Article is a Fundamental Right under Part III of the Constitution and ensures the protection of children from exploitation.

★ Article 24 → Prohibits child labour in hazardous jobs.
★ Children below 14 years cannot be employed in factories, mines, etc.
★ It is part of the Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 & 24).

➤ Articles 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights.
➤ These rights are enshrined in Part III of the Constitution and are enforceable by the courts.
➤ They aim to ensure individual liberty, equality, and protection against arbitrary actions by the state.

★ Part III → Articles 12 to 35 = Fundamental Rights
★ These rights are justiciable (can be enforced in courts).
★ Includes rights like equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, etc.