➤ Proposed by: Dadabhai Naoroji (also known as the Grand Old Man of India).
➤ Concept: Explained the economic exploitation of India by the British, where wealth was transferred from India to Britain without adequate returns.
➤ Key Work: Wrote the book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” (1901).
➤ Main Points:
 ✧ Profits from trade and taxes were sent to Britain.
 ✧ Salaries of British officials paid from Indian revenue.
 ✧ Imports from Britain led to deindustrialization in India.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Raised economic nationalism among Indians.
 ✧ Inspired future leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi.

★ Dadabhai Naoroji gave the ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory.
★ Explained how British exploited India’s economy.
★ Authored “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India”.

➤ Dynasty: Satavahana Dynasty (1st century BCE – 3rd century CE).
➤ Ruler: Gautamiputra Satakarni (reigned c. 106–130 CE).
➤ Titles:
 ✧ Rajaraja – King of Kings.
 ✧ Maharaja – Great King.
➤ Achievements:
 ✧ Defeated the Shaka Kshatrapas (Western Satraps).
 ✧ Revived Brahmanical traditions and promoted Vedic rituals.
➤ Inscriptions:
 ✧ Praised in the Nashik Prashasti, written by his mother, Gautami Balashri.

★ Gautamiputra Satakarni belonged to the Satavahana Dynasty.
★ Held titles like Rajaraja and Maharaja.
★ Defeated the Shaka rulers and revived Vedic traditions.

➤ Founder: Atmaram Pandurang in Mumbai (1867).
➤ Key Supporter: M.G. Ranade later became a key leader of the movement.
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Reform Hindu religious practices.
 ✧ Promote social reforms like widow remarriage, women’s education, and abolition of caste discrimination.
➤ Beliefs:
 ✧ Emphasized monotheism and rejected idol worship.
 ✧ Advocated moral and social reform through education and rational thinking.
➤ Inspired by: The earlier efforts of Brahmo Samaj.

★ Atmaram Pandurang founded the Prarthana Samaj in 1867.
★ Focused on social reforms and women’s rights.
★ Promoted monotheism and rejected caste discrimination.

➤ Founded by:
 ✧ Bal Gangadhar Tilak (April 1916) – Based in Maharashtra, Central Provinces, and Karnataka.
 ✧ Annie Besant (September 1916) – Active in Madras, Bombay, and other regions.
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Demand self-government (Home Rule) within the British Empire.
 ✧ Mobilize Indians for political rights and self-rule.
➤ Key Events:
 ✧ Tilak’s slogan: “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”
 ✧ Besant became the President of the Indian National Congress (1917).
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Created political awareness across India.
 ✧ Strengthened the nationalist movement before the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).

★ Home Rule League was founded by Tilak and Annie Besant in 1916.
★ Demanded self-rule for India under British dominion.
★ Helped revive nationalist sentiment before Gandhi’s leadership.

➤ Location: Benaras (now Varanasi), Uttar Pradesh.
➤ Established in: 1791 by Jonathan Duncan, the British Resident of Benaras.
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ Promote Sanskrit education and preserve Hindu traditions.
 ✧ Train young Indians in Hindu philosophy, law, and literature.
➤ Subjects Taught:
 ✧ Vedas, Sanskrit grammar, philosophy, and astronomy.
➤ Legacy:
 ✧ Later developed into the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University.

★ Hindu College was established in Benaras in 1791.
★ Promoted Sanskrit and traditional Hindu education.
★ Founded by Jonathan Duncan for preserving Indian knowledge systems.

➤ Position: President of the Indian National Congress during the Lahore Session (1929).
➤ Event: Passed the resolution for “Purna Swaraj” (Complete Independence) from British rule.
➤ Date: December 31, 1929 – The Indian tricolor was hoisted on the banks of the Ravi River.
➤ Key Outcome:
 ✧ January 26, 1930 was declared as Independence Day (later became Republic Day after 1950).
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Led to the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership.

★ Jawaharlal Nehru declared complete independence in 1929.
★ Purna Swaraj resolution passed at the Lahore Session.
★ January 26, 1930, marked as India’s first Independence Day.

➤ Title: Known as ‘Deshbandhu’ (Friend of the Nation).
➤ Profession: Lawyer, politician, and freedom fighter.
➤ Key Contributions:
 ✧ Founded the Swaraj Party (1923) with Motilal Nehru.
 ✧ Defended Aurobindo Ghosh in the Alipore Bomb Case (1908).
➤ Political Role:
 ✧ Active in the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
 ✧ Served as the Mayor of Calcutta (1924).
➤ Legacy:
 ✧ Known for promoting Hindu-Muslim unity.
 ✧ Advocated for self-governance and Swaraj.

★ Chittaranjan Das was known as ‘Deshbandhu’.
★ Co-founded the Swaraj Party with Motilal Nehru.
★ Promoted Hindu-Muslim unity and self-rule.

➤ Date & Place: February 5, 1922, in Chauri Chaura, United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh).
➤ Event:
 ✧ Protesters participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with the police.
 ✧ In retaliation for police firing, protesters set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen.
➤ Leader: Local leadership, though Mahatma Gandhi condemned the violence.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement on February 12, 1922.
 ✧ Reinforced Gandhi’s commitment to non-violence (Ahimsa).

★ Chauri Chaura incident occurred in February 1922.
★ Led to the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
★ Strengthened Gandhi’s emphasis on non-violence.

➤ Dynasties Involved:
 ✧ Palas (Eastern India – Bengal and Bihar).
 ✧ Pratiharas (Western India – Rajasthan and Gujarat).
 ✧ Rashtrakutas (Deccan region – Maharashtra).

➤ Reason: Control over Kannauj, a city of political and economic importance in North India.
➤ Duration: 8th to 10th century CE.
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ The struggle weakened all three dynasties.
 ✧ Opened the way for later regional kingdoms to rise.

★ The Tripartite Struggle was fought for control over Kannauj.
★ Involved the Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas.
★ Weakened all three dynasties over time.

➤ Full Name: Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
➤ Dynasty: Founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India.
➤ Ancestry:
 ✧ Descendant of Timur from his father’s side (Timurid dynasty).
 ✧ Descendant of Genghis Khan from his mother’s side.
➤ Key Achievements:
 ✧ Established Mughal rule after winning the First Battle of Panipat (1526) against Ibrahim Lodi.
 ✧ Also won the Battle of Khanwa (1527) against Rana Sanga.
➤ Legacy: Authored Baburnama, his autobiography.

★ Babur’s real name was Zahiruddin Muhammad.
★ Founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
★ Defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat (1526).

➤ Mughal Ruler: Babur (Founder of the Mughal Empire).
➤ Battle: Battle of Khanwa (1527).
➤ Allied Forces:
 ✧ Medini Rai of Chanderi.
 ✧ Hasan Khan of Mewat.
 ✧ Mahmud Lodi, brother of Ibrahim Lodi (the last Sultan of Delhi).
➤ Leader of the Alliance: Rana Sanga of Mewar (Rajput Confederacy).
➤ Reason: To resist the growing power of the Mughals after Babur’s victory in the First Battle of Panipat (1526).
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ Babur defeated the combined Rajput forces using artillery and superior tactics.
 ✧ Consolidated Mughal control over North India.

★ The alliance fought against Babur in the Battle of Khanwa (1527).
★ Led by Rana Sanga with support from Medini Rai, Hasan Khan, and Mahmud Lodi.
★ Babur’s victory secured Mughal dominance in North India.

➤ Event: Belgaum Session of the Indian National Congress.
➤ Year: 1924.
➤ President: Mahatma Gandhi.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ The only session of the Indian National Congress ever presided over by Mahatma Gandhi.
 ✧ Aimed to resolve conflicts between moderates and extremists within the Congress.
➤ Key Focus:
 ✧ Strengthening Hindu-Muslim unity.
 ✧ Promoting non-violence and Satyagraha as political tools.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Helped stabilize internal divisions within the Congress.
 ✧ Boosted the momentum for the freedom movement.

★ Mahatma Gandhi presided over the Belgaum Session in 1924.
★ It was his only time as President of the Indian National Congress.
★ Focused on unity and non-violent resistance.

➤ Founder: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Frontier Gandhi).
➤ Region: North-West Frontier Province (now in Pakistan).
➤ Established in: 1929.
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Promote non-violent resistance among the Pathans (Pashtuns).
 ✧ Fight against British colonial rule through peaceful protests.
➤ Key Features:
 ✧ Members wore red uniforms, earning them the nickname “Red Shirts”.
 ✧ Worked for social reforms, especially education and women’s rights.
➤ Association: Strongly supported Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent movement.

★ Founded by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan in 1929.
★ Non-violent movement among the Pathans (Pashtuns).
★ Also known as the “Red Shirt Movement.”

➤ Introduced by: Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control of the British East India Company.
➤ Date: 1854.
➤ Objective: Establish a systematic framework for modern education in India.
➤ Key Provisions:
 ✧ Emphasis on English education along with vernacular languages.
 ✧ Setup of universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras (established in 1857).
 ✧ Promotion of women’s education and vocational training.
 ✧ Introduction of the grant-in-aid system for private institutions.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Laid the foundation of the modern education system in India.
 ✧ Created a network of government schools across the country.

★ Wood’s Dispatch focused on education reforms (1854).
★ Recommended universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.
★ Promoted English education and women’s education.

➤ Date & Place: 1194 AD, fought near Chandawar (present-day Etawah, Uttar Pradesh).
➤ Opponents:
 ✧ Muhammad of Ghor (Ghurid Empire).
 ✧ Jayachandra (Ruler of the Gahadavala Dynasty).
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ Muhammad of Ghor defeated Jayachandra.
 ✧ Jayachandra was killed during the battle.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Opened the path for Ghurid expansion in North India.
 ✧ Weakened resistance from major North Indian kingdoms.
➤ Historical Significance:
 ✧ Consolidated Muslim rule in the Gangetic plains.
 ✧ Strengthened the foundation for the Delhi Sultanate.

★ The Battle of Chandawar was fought in 1194.
★ Muhammad of Ghor defeated and killed Jayachandra.
★ Paved the way for Ghurid dominance in North India.

➤ Dynasty: Lodi Dynasty (the last ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate).
➤ Reign: 1517–1526 CE.
➤ Key Events:
 ✧ Faced rebellions from Afghan nobles and internal dissent within his court.
 ✧ Lost the First Battle of Panipat (1526) against Babur, marking the end of the Delhi Sultanate.
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ Defeated and killed by Babur.
 ✧ Led to the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ His defeat marked the transition from the Delhi Sultanate to Mughal rule.

★ Ibrahim Lodi was the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
★ Defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526).
★ His death ended the Lodi Dynasty and established Mughal rule.

➤ Dynasty: Chalukya Dynasty (ruled from Badami in Karnataka).
➤ Title Assumed: ‘Dakshinapatheshvara’ (Lord of the South).
➤ Opponent: Harshavardhana (ruler of North India from the Pushyabhuti Dynasty).
➤ Battle:
 ✧ Fought on the banks of the Narmada River.
 ✧ Pulakeshin II successfully defeated Harshavardhana, preventing his southern expansion.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Established Chalukya supremacy in the Deccan region.
 ✧ Marked a significant victory of the southern powers over northern expansion.

★ Pulakeshin II defeated Harshavardhana to earn the title ‘Dakshinapatheshvara’.
★ The battle was fought near the Narmada River.
★ Secured Chalukya dominance in the Deccan region.

➤ Ruler: Kanishka of the Kushana Dynasty.
➤ Event: Fourth Buddhist Council (72 AD).
➤ Location: Kundalvana (near Kashmir).
➤ Presided by: Vasumitra (President) and Ashvaghosha (Vice President).
➤ Key Outcome:
 ✧ Buddhism split into two major schools:
  ✔ Hinayana – Focused on individual salvation through self-discipline and meditation.
  ✔ Mahayana – Emphasized collective salvation and worship of Bodhisattvas.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Mahayana Buddhism spread to China, Japan, and Korea.
 ✧ Hinayana Buddhism remained strong in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand.

★ Buddhism split into Hinayana and Mahayana during Kanishka’s reign.
★ Fourth Buddhist Council was held in Kashmir (72 AD).
★ Presided over by Vasumitra with Ashvaghosha as Vice President.

➤ Instrument: Sarod – A stringed instrument known for its deep, resonant sound.
➤ Genre: Indian Hindustani classical music.
➤ Gharana: Belonged to the Maihar Gharana.
➤ Key Contributions:
 ✧ Popularized the sarod globally, especially in the United States.
 ✧ Founded the Ali Akbar College of Music in California.
➤ Awards:
 ✧ Recipient of the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan.
➤ Legacy:
 ✧ Known for collaborations with international artists and introducing Indian classical music to the West.

★ Ali Akbar Khan was a legendary sarod player.
★ Belonged to the Maihar Gharana.
★ Popularized Indian classical music internationally.

➤ Dynasty: Rashtrakuta Dynasty.
➤ Ruler: Krishna I (reigned 756–773 CE).
➤ Location: Ellora Caves, Maharashtra.
➤ Architecture:
 ✧ Dedicated to Lord Shiva (named after Mount Kailash).
 ✧ Entirely rock-cut temple, carved out of a single basalt rock.
 ✧ Known for its intricate sculptures and Dravidian architectural style.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ Largest monolithic rock-cut temple in the world.
 ✧ Symbol of Rashtrakuta architectural and cultural excellence.

★ Kailasa Temple was built by Krishna I of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty.
★ Dedicated to Lord Shiva, representing Mount Kailash.
★ Famous for its monolithic rock-cut architecture.

➤ Founder: Swami Vivekananda in 1897.
➤ Location: Belur, West Bengal (on the banks of the Hooghly River).
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ Headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission.
 ✧ Promote spiritual development, education, and social service.
➤ Architecture:
 ✧ Symbolizes the unity of all religions with elements of Hindu, Islamic, Christian, and Buddhist architectural styles.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ Dedicated to Ramakrishna Paramahansa, Swami Vivekananda’s spiritual guru.
 ✧ A center for philanthropic, cultural, and educational activities.

★ Belur Math was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897.
★ Headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission.
★ Promotes religious harmony, education, and social service.

➤ Reason: Control over Kannauj, a wealthy and strategically important city in North India.
➤ Dynasties Involved:
 ✧ Pratihara Dynasty (Western India – Rajasthan and Gujarat).
 ✧ Rashtrakuta Dynasty (Deccan region – Maharashtra).
 ✧ Pala Dynasty (Eastern India – Bengal and Bihar).
➤ Duration: 8th to 10th century CE.
➤ Key Rulers:
 ✧ Dharmapala (Pala Dynasty).
 ✧ Govinda III (Rashtrakuta Dynasty).
 ✧ Mihir Bhoja (Pratihara Dynasty).
➤ Outcome:
 ✧ No clear winner; all three dynasties weakened over time.
 ✧ Eventually, the Pratiharas maintained brief control over Kannauj.

★ The Tripartite Struggle involved Pratihara, Rashtrakuta, and Pala dynasties.
★ Fought for control over Kannauj.
★ Led to the weakening of all three dynasties.

➤ Founder: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Frontier Gandhi).
➤ Year: 1929.
➤ Region: North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (now in Pakistan).
➤ Objective:
 ✧ Promote non-violent resistance among Pashtuns (Pathans) against British rule.
 ✧ Work for social reforms, education, and Hindu-Muslim unity.
➤ Key Features:
 ✧ Members wore red uniforms, earning the nickname “Red Shirts”.
 ✧ Inspired by Gandhian principles of non-violence.
➤ Impact:
 ✧ Actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 ✧ Faced brutal repression from the British government.

★ Khudai Khidmatgar was founded by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan in 1929.
★ Promoted non-violence and social reform among Pashtuns.
★ Known as the “Red Shirt Movement.”

➤ Year of Ascension: 1236 AD.
➤ Dynasty: Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
➤ Father: Iltutmish, who nominated her as his successor.
➤ Significance:
 ✧ First and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
 ✧ Known for her administrative skills and efforts to promote merit over nobility.
➤ Challenges:
 ✧ Faced opposition from the Turkish nobility (Chahalgani or Forty).
 ✧ Overthrown due to political conspiracies.
➤ End of Reign: 1240 AD, killed in a rebellion led by Malik Altunia.

★ Raziya Sultan ascended the throne in 1236 AD.
★ First and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
★ Faced opposition from Turkish nobles and was overthrown in 1240 AD.

➤ Founder: Dharmapala (8th-century Pala king).
➤ Dynasty: Pala Dynasty of Bengal (ruled from the 8th to 12th century).
➤ Purpose:
 ✧ Established as a center for Buddhist learning.
 ✧ Complemented the earlier Nalanda University.
➤ Subjects Taught:
 ✧ Buddhist philosophy, logic, grammar, and metaphysics.
➤ Decline:
 ✧ Destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji in the 12th century.

★ Dharmapala founded Vikramshila University in the 8th century.
★ A major center for advanced Buddhist studies.
★ Complemented Nalanda as a key educational institution.